Clade-specific genes and the evolutionary origin of novelty; new tools in the toolkit.
Clade-specific genes and the evolutionary origin of novelty; new tools in the toolkit.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.025
复制
发表时间：
2022-05
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Longjun Wu;J. Lambert
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Longjun Wu;J. Lambert
进化枝特异性（也称为谱系特异性）基因是非常常见的，并且在所有分类学水平和所检查的所有进化枝中发现。它们可以通过先前存在的基因的复制而产生，这可能涉及部分截短或与其他蛋白质结构域或调控序列的组合。它们还可以从非编码序列进化出新的蛋白质结构域，从而产生潜在的真正的新蛋白质结构域。最后，由于进化枝特异性基因通常由与其他蛋白质缺乏序列同源性来定义，因此它们也可以通过足够快的序列进化而产生，使得先前的序列同源性不再能够被检测到。在这种情况下，快速进化之后是约束，我们认为它们在本体论上是非新颖的，但在功能层面上可能是新颖的。总的来说，进化枝特异性基因很少受到生物学家的关注，但有越来越多的有趣的例子表明它们在重要性状中的作用。在这里，我们回顾了最近的一些例子，并认为，注意分支特异性基因是一个重要的纠正重点保守的发展监管工具包，一直是evo-devo作为一个领域的习惯。最后，我们讨论了进化枝特异性基因的进化所产生的问题，以及如何通过未来的研究来解决这些问题。我们强调的假设，分支特异性基因更有可能参与突触，出现在干组中，他们出现的地方，相比其他基因。
Clade-specific (a.k.a. lineage-specific) genes are very common and found at all taxonomic levels and in all clades examined. They can arise by duplication of previously existing genes, which can involve partial truncations or combinations with other protein domains or regulatory sequences. They can also evolvede novofrom non-coding sequences, leading to potentially truly novel protein domains. Finally, since clade-specific genes are generally defined by lack of sequence homology with other proteins, they can also arise by sequence evolution that is rapid enough that previous sequence homology can no longer be detected. In such cases, where the rapid evolution is followed by constraint, we consider them to be ontologically non-novel but likely novel at a functional level. In general, clade-specific genes have received less attention from biologists but there are increasing numbers of fascinating examples of their roles in important traits. Here we review some selected recent examples, and argue that attention to clade-specific genes is an important corrective to the focus on the conserved developmental regulatory toolkit that has been the habit of evo-devo as a field. Finally, we discuss questions that arise about the evolution of clade-specific genes, and how these might be addressed by future studies. We highlight the hypothesis that clade-specific genes are more likely to be involved in synapomorphies that arose in the stem group where they appeared, compared to other genes.