Biochar for environmental management: an introduction-猫眼课题宝

DOI：

10.4324/9780203762264-8

发表时间：

2015-02

期刊：

影响因子：

通讯作者：

中科院分区：

其他

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作者：

J. Lehmann;S. Joseph

当生物质如木材、粪肥或树叶在封闭的容器中加热时，几乎没有或没有可用的空气。用更专业的术语来说，生物炭是在有限的氧气（O2）供应和相对较低的温度（<700°C）下通过所谓的有机材料热分解产生的。这一过程通常反映了木炭的生产，这是人类开发的最古老的工业技术之一-如果不是最古老的话（Harris，1999年）。然而，它与下面讨论的木炭和类似材料的区别在于，生物炭的生产意图是作为改善土壤生产力、碳（C）储存或净化土壤水的过滤的手段而被施加到土壤中。生产工艺和预期用途通常构成其分类和命名惯例的基础，这将在下一节中讨论。与富含有机碳的生物炭相反，在火中燃烧生物质会产生灰烬，其中主要含有钙（Ca）或镁（Mg）等矿物质和无机碳酸盐。此外，在大多数火灾中，在氧气供应有限的地区，一小部分植被只被部分烧毁，一部分作为焦炭保留下来（Kuhlbusch和Crutzen，1995年）。从化学的角度而不是从生产的角度来看，生物炭实际上是什么的问题更难回答，因为生物质和炭化条件的种类繁多。定义性质是生物炭的有机部分具有高C含量，其主要包括所谓的芳族化合物，其特征在于六个C原子的环连接在一起而没有O或氢（H），否则在活有机物质中更丰富的原子。如果这些芳香环排列成完美的堆叠和对齐的薄片，这种物质将被称为石墨。在用于制造生物炭的温度下，石墨不会形成到任何显著的程度。什么是生物炭？1

uct obtained when biomass, such as wood, manure or leaves, is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. In more technical terms, biochar is produced by so-called thermal decomposition of organic material under limited supply of oxygen (O2), and at relatively low temperatures (<700°C). This process often mirrors the production of charcoal, which is one of the most ancient industrial technologies developed by mankind – if not the oldest (Harris, 1999). However, it distinguishes itself from charcoal and similar materials that are discussed below by the fact that biochar is produced with the intent to be applied to soil as a means of improving soil productivity, carbon (C) storage, or filtration of percolating soil water. The production process, together with the intended use, typically forms the basis for its classification and naming convention, which is discussed in the next section. In contrast to the organic C-rich biochar, burning biomass in a fire creates ash, which mainly contains minerals such as calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) and inorganic carbonates. Also, in most fires, a small portion of the vegetation is only partially burned in areas of limited O2 supply, with a portion remaining as char (Kuhlbusch and Crutzen, 1995). The question as to what biochar actually is from a chemical point of view rather than from a production point of view is much more difficult to answer due to the wide variety of biomass and charring conditions used. The defining property is that the organic portion of biochar has a high C content, which mainly comprises so-called aromatic compounds characterized by rings of six C atoms linked together without O or hydrogen (H), the otherwise more abundant atoms in living organic matter. If these aromatic rings were arranged in perfectly stacked and aligned sheets, this substance would be called graphite. Under temperatures that are used for making biochar, graphite does not form to any significant extent. Instead, much more What is biochar? 1

Biochar for environmental management: an introduction

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