Physicochemical and Bacteriological Water Quality Across Different Forms of Land Use on the Mahafaly Plateau, Madagascar
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Water Quality Across Different Forms of Land Use on the Mahafaly Plateau, Madagascar
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马达加斯加马哈法利高原不同土地利用形式的理化和细菌水质
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
N. Raminosoa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. R. Rasoloariniaina;J. Ganzhorn;N. Raminosoa
马达加斯加西南部的亚干旱地区是世界生物多样性热点地区之一，再加上极端贫困和气温进一步升高的高风险，将使人民的生活和健康状况恶化。作为未来水管理的基础，我们在2012-2013年旱季和雨季测量了受保护的齐曼安佩索萨国家公园、马哈法利高原石灰岩上的农牧区和沙地上沿海平原不同土地利用形式的水源的物理化学和微生物质量。我们调查了水质特征的空间和季节变化，以及它们与细菌污染的关系。使用便携式仪器进行理化测量。微生物分析采用紧凑干燥法。酸碱值为中性至微碱性，在世卫组织和马达加斯加标准允许的范围内。电导率(EC)和总溶解固体(TDS)很高，沿海平原高于允许的极限，公园中等偏高，高原较低。各氮组分(NH4、NO3和NO2)的浓度在雨季较高，井中浓度最高。整个研究区的磷浓度都很高。总大肠菌群，大肠埃希菌，沙门氏菌。和弧菌属(Vibrio spp.)这些细菌常年存在于整个研究区域，对健康构成严重危害。它们的浓度没有以任何系统的方式与任何物理化学特征相关联，从而可以将这些物理化学特征作为微生物污染的替代指标。卫生条件差是造成水污染的主要原因，通过改变当地人口的简单行为，可以大大减少水污染。发现高原和沿海平原水井的水温在炎热潮湿季节升高的程度较小，这表明地表水而不是地下水对人类和牲畜可用水的贡献很大。这限制了该区域未来增加人、牲畜和农业用水量的选择。
The sub-arid southwest of Madagascar is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots combined with exceptional poverty and high risk of further temperature increase that will aggravate the living and health conditions of the people. As bases for future water management, we measured the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water sources across different forms of land use in the protected Tsimanampetsotsa National Park, and the agricultural and pastoral regions of the Mahafaly plateau on limestone and the coastal plain on sand during the dry and wet season of 2012–2013. We investigated spatial and seasonal variation of water characteristics and their relationships with bacterial contamination. Portable meters were used for the physicochemical measures. The compact dry method was used for microbial analyses. The pH was neutral to slightly alkaline and within the permissible limits of WHO and Malagasy standards. Electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were very high and above the permissible limits in the coastal plain, moderately high in the park and low on the plateau. The concentrations of nitrogen components $$(\hbox {NH}_{4},\hbox { NO}_{3}\hbox { and NO}_{2})$$(NH4,NO3andNO2) were high in the rainy season, with the highest concentrations in wells. Phosphate concentration was high throughout the study area. Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. were present throughout the study area year-round, representing a serious health hazard. Their concentrations were not correlated with any physicochemical characteristics in any systematic fashion that would allow to use the physicochemical characteristics as proxy for microbial contamination. Poor sanitary conditions are the principal causes of the water contamination that could be reduced substantially by simple behavioural changes of the local human population. The finding that water temperature in wells of the plateau and to a lesser extent of the coastal plain increases during the hot wet season indicates a substantial contribution of surface rather than subterranean water to the water available for human and livestock consumption. This limits the options for future increase of water consumption by people, livestock and agriculture in the region.