Looming Auditory Collision Warnings for Driving
Looming Auditory Collision Warnings for Driving
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DOI：
10.1177/0018720810397833
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发表时间：
2011-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Gray, Rob
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gray, Rob
目的：使用驾驶模拟器比较增强(隐约)听觉警告信号和其他类型的听觉警告的有效性。背景：听觉警告已被证明在追尾情况下可以加快驾驶员的反应时间，但尚不清楚哪种信号是最有效的。方法：受试者(N=20)经历了四个非隐现的听觉警告(强度恒定、脉冲、倾斜和汽车喇叭)、三个隐约的听觉警告(“真实”、“早”和“晚”)和一个没有警告的条件。在80%的试验中，警告在需要关键反应时被激活，在20%的试验中，警告是错误警报。对于早(晚)现警告，强度变化率指示的碰撞时间(TTC)比实际的TTC短(长)。结果：与其他非隐现警告相比，真实的隐约警告和汽车喇叭警告具有更快的制动反应时间(BRT)(80~160ms)。然而，汽车喇叭在错误警报条件下的刹车反应数量明显更多。随着隐约声警示的TTC由早变实变晚，BRT显著增加。结论：隐约声警示能产生反应速度和准确性的最佳组合。应用：结果表明，隐约声警示可以有效地对驾驶员发出即将发生碰撞的警告。
Objective: A driving simulator was used to compare the effectiveness of increasing intensity ( looming) auditory warning signals with other types of auditory warnings.Background: Auditory warnings have been shown to speed driver reaction time in rear-end collision situations; however, it is not clear which type of signal is the most effective. Although verbal and symbolic (e.g., a car horn) warnings have faster response times than abstract warnings, they often lead to more response errors.Method: Participants (N = 20) experienced four nonlooming auditory warnings (constant intensity, pulsed, ramped, and car horn), three looming auditory warnings ("veridical," "early," and "late"), and a no-warning condition. In 80% of the trials, warnings were activated when a critical response was required, and in 20% of the trials, the warnings were false alarms. For the early (late) looming warnings, the rate of change of intensity signaled a time to collision (TTC) that was shorter (longer) than the actual TTC.Results: Veridical looming and car horn warnings had significantly faster brake reaction times (BRT) compared with the other nonlooming warnings (by 80 to 160 ms). However, the number of braking responses in false alarm conditions was significantly greater for the car horn. BRT increased significantly and systematically as the TTC signaled by the looming warning was changed from early to veridical to late.Conclusion: Looming auditory warnings produce the best combination of response speed and accuracy.Application: The results indicate that looming auditory warnings can be used to effectively warn a driver about an impending collision.