Thermal evolution of ectotherm body size: why get big in the cold?
Thermal evolution of ectotherm body size: why get big in the cold?
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DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511721854.012
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发表时间：
1996-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
L. Partridge;V. French
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Partridge;V. French
身体大小对动物的生活史和生态学有着深远的影响（Bonner，1965; Peters，1983; Calder，1984; Schmidt-Neilsen，1984; Damuth，1987），因此准确地理解自然选择在这种特征的进化中的作用是非常重要的。温度是环境的一个重要方面，它似乎以两种方式影响身体大小。首先，温度可能是自然选择的一个因素，在控制生长速度和成年大小的发育机制中产生进化（遗传）变化，其次，个体发育过程中的热条件可能会影响其最终的成年大小。身体大小的热演化主要是在吸热动物（主要是哺乳动物）的背景下讨论的，其中身体的表面积和体积之间的关系在确定产热和散热速率方面很重要，因此在维持标准体温方面也很重要。长期以来，人们一直认为恒温动物倾向于在较冷的条件下进化出更大的体型（Mayr，1963）：传统上称为“伯格曼规则”（Bergmann，1847）。然而，这一概括一直受到质疑（Rails & Harvey，1985），吸热物种内部和之间的身体大小和热生态之间的关系有待严格的比较分析。身体大小的热演化并不局限于内温动物，然而，几种外温动物在身体大小上显示出明显的地理倾向，即使在标准条件下饲养，在来自高纬度的种群中也发现了较大的个体。
Introduction Body size has profound consequences for animal life history and ecology (Bonner, 1965; Peters, 1983; Calder, 1984; Schmidt-Neilsen, 1984; Damuth, 1987), so it is very important to understand exactly how natural selection acts in the evolution of this character. Temperature is a crucial aspect of the environment that appears to influence body size in two ways. First, temperature may be an agent of natural selection in producing evolutionary (genetic) changes in the developmental mechanisms that control growth rate and adult size and, second, the thermal conditions during an individual's development may affect its final adult size. Thermal evolution of body size has been discussed mainly in the context of endotherms (principally mammals), where the relationships between the surface area and volume of the body are important in determining rates of heat production and dissipation, and hence in maintaining the standard body temperature. It has long been maintained that endotherms tend to evolve larger body size in colder conditions (Mayr, 1963): an idea traditionally termed ‘Bergmann's rule’ (Bergmann, 1847). This generalisation, however, has since been questioned (Rails & Harvey, 1985), and the relationships between body size and thermal ecology within and between endothermic species await rigorous comparative analysis. Thermal evolution of body size is not restricted to endotherms, however, as several species of ectotherm show clear geographical clines in body size, with the larger individuals found in populations derived from higher latitudes, even when all are reared in standard conditions.