Editorial: Co-production – key ideas
Editorial: Co-production – key ideas
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社论：联合制作——关键想法
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
S. Bartlett
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Mitlin;S. Bartlett
这一系列论文提供了一个机会来回顾一个概念，这个概念是在20世纪90年代中期就发展辩论首次被考虑的。在那之后的8年里，大部分的发展文献都忽略了这个概念。然而，自2004年以来，(1)又有了新的兴趣。这一概念在全球北方和全球南方都得到了复兴，前者关注的是社区参与公共服务提供的辩论，后者则跨越了国家责任和公民权利的意识形态分歧，提出了合作制作的基本原理。促使20世纪90年代首次将合作生产概念化的经验证据很少关注发展方案设计或有计划的国家干预。相反，这一概念源于对美国街头警察的观察，人们认识到，安全取决于街头警察与当地居民之间的关系。除非当地居民对公共秩序有广泛相似的看法，否则警察的工作是不可能完成的。安全不是由警察提供的，而是关系、谈判和合作的产物。这项研究突出了官僚主义、国家控制和独裁统治的局限性。通过这项工作，人们认识到，卫生和监狱服务如果脱离合作，效率也会更高。(3) 1996年《世界发展》的一期特刊推动将这些想法应用于全球南方的发展。(4)从经济学（奥斯特罗姆（Ostrom）(5)）和政治学（埃文斯（Evans）(6)）的角度来看，人们认识到合作生产提供了更有效的服务（当地居民的劳动力贡献取代了不可用的国家资源）和更有效的国家计划（通过有组织的社区和国家之间的协同规划）。关于全球南方国家，一方面，在提供能力有限的弱国背景下，那些关心提供公共服务的人支持共同制作的概念。虽然这种做法在一些人看来是合理的，就像全球北方的情况一样，但在另一些人看来却是怀疑的；他们被视为加强了新自由主义，并将本应由国家承担的责任转嫁给了其他国家。另一方面，其他观察员关注的是在官僚公共管理系统内设计和提供服务的人与经常被排除在提供服务之外的处境不利的低收入公民之间差距的广度。他们认为精心设计的联合生产791931 EAU环境与城市化
This collection of papers offers an opportunity to review a concept that was first considered, in terms of development debates, in the mid1990s. After that, development literature, for the most part, ignored the concept for eight years. Since 2004,(1) however, there has been a renewed interest. The concept has been revived both in the global North, where it focuses on debates about community involvement in public service delivery, and in the global South, where the rationale for co-production emerges across the ideological divide on state responsibilities and citizen entitlements. The empirical evidence that catalysed the first conceptualization of co-production in the 1990s had little focus on development programme design or planned state interventions. Rather, the concept emerged from observations of policing on US streets, and a recognition that security depended on the relations between street-level police officers and local residents.(2) Unless local residents shared a broadly similar vision of the public order, the job of the police was not possible. Security is not delivered by the police – rather it is the product of relationships, negotiation and collaboration. This research highlighted the limits of bureaucracy, state control and an authoritarian dictate. From this work developed the understanding that health and prison services were also more effective when they grew out of collaboration.(3) The application of these ideas to development in the global South gained traction with a special issue of World Development in 1996.(4) From the perspectives of both economics (Ostrom(5)) and political science (Evans(6)), co-production was recognized to offer more efficient delivery of services (with labour contributions from local residents replacing unavailable state resources) and more effective state plans (through synergistic planning between organized communities and the state). With reference to the global South, the concept of co-production has been supported, on the one hand, by those concerned with public service provision in the context of a weak state with limited delivery capacity. While such practices may be justified by some, as is also the case in the global North, they are viewed with suspicion by others; they are seen as strengthening neoliberalism and passing on responsibilities that should be taken up by the state. Other observers, on the other hand, focus on the breadth of the gap between those who design and deliver services within bureaucratic public management systems and the disadvantaged low-income citizens who are too frequently excluded from provision. They argue that well-designed co-production 791931 EAU Environment & Urbanization