Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons: Properties and Inputs
Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons: Properties and Inputs
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DOI：
10.1002/cphy.c140020
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发表时间：
2015-04-01
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Lall, Varinder K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Deuchars, Susan A.;Lall, Varinder K.
交感神经系统包括自主神经系统的一半，参与维持体内平衡并使生物体能够以适当的方式对其环境（内部或外部）的扰动做出反应。交感神经节前神经元（SPN）位于脊髓内，它们的轴突穿过腹角到达腹根，在那里它们在节后神经元上形成突触。因此，这些神经元是中枢神经系统发挥作用以改变交感神经流出的最后一点。本综述考虑了脊髓水平上发生的交感神经控制的复杂程度。 SPN 的形态和靶点说明了该组内的多样性，它们多样化的内在特性也揭示了这些特性的一些功能意义。 SPN 显示出通过间隙连接介导的高度耦合活性，从而能够实现快速、协调的反应；这些间隙连接有助于节律活动，这对交感神经流出至关重要。考虑 SPN 的主要输入；这些包括传入、下行和神经元间的影响，这些影响本身可以使 SPN 活动发生功能上适当的变化。 SPN 中介导不同反应的过多受体进一步证明了输入的复杂性；它们的起源和影响是丰富多样的。这些不同的输入以及 SPN 的内在和耦合活动共同导致了脊髓交感神经流出的节律性质，其具有可以在不同条件下改变的多种频率。 (C) 2015 年美国生理学会。
The sympathetic nervous system comprises one half of the autonomic nervous system and participates in maintaining homeostasis and enabling organisms to respond in an appropriate manner to perturbations in their environment, either internal or external. The sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) lie within the spinal cord and their axons traverse the ventral horn to exit in ventral roots where they form synapses onto postganglionic neurons. Thus, these neurons are the last point at which the central nervous system can exert an effect to enable changes in sympathetic outflow. This review considers the degree of complexity of sympathetic control occurring at the level of the spinal cord. The morphology and targets of SPNs illustrate the diversity within this group, as do their diverse intrinsic properties which reveal some functional significance of these properties. SPNs show high degrees of coupled activity, mediated through gap junctions, that enables rapid and coordinated responses; these gap junctions contribute to the rhythmic activity so critical to sympathetic outflow. The main inputs onto SPNs are considered; these comprise afferent, descending, and interneuronal influences that themselves enable functionally appropriate changes in SPN activity. The complexity of inputs is further demonstrated by the plethora of receptors that mediate the different responses in SPNs; their origins and effects are plentiful and diverse. Together these different inputs and the intrinsic and coupled activity of SPNs result in the rhythmic nature of sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord, which has a variety of frequencies that can be altered in different conditions. (C) 2015 American Physiological Society.