PROTEIN-CONTENT AND AMINO-ACID COMPOSITION OF CERTAIN FUNGI EVALUATED FOR MICROBIAL PROTEIN PRODUCTION
PROTEIN-CONTENT AND AMINO-ACID COMPOSITION OF CERTAIN FUNGI EVALUATED FOR MICROBIAL PROTEIN PRODUCTION
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DOI：
10.1111/1741-5705.00031
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发表时间：
1975-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
VOMVOYANNI, V
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CHRISTIAS, C;COUVARAKI, C;VOMVOYANNI, V
1990年10月7日举行的爱尔兰第七届总统选举见证了玛丽罗宾逊的胜利，她成为1945年以来第一位女总统，也是第一位令人瞩目的非共和党候选人。爱尔兰宪法规定，总统由人民直接选举产生，任期七年。然而，实际上，四位总统是经同意任命的，从而避免了选举的需要。这是17年来的第一次总统选举，也是自1945年以来第一次有三名候选人参加总统选举。爱尔兰宪法第12条至第14条规定的爱尔兰总统职位主要是仪式性的。总统的大多数职责都是纯粹形式上的，其他职能只能由她在政府的“建议”（即许可）下执行。可以确定总统享有一定权力的六个领域。2在其中三个领域，总统迄今为止一直没有采取行动，主要是因为主动权掌握在其他机构手中，而这些机构选择不行使主动权。（相当于英国上议院）可要求议长将法案是否为金钱法案的问题提交特权委员会;总统在与国务理事会（顾问委员会）协商后，可以任命这样一个委员会（第22.2条）。第二，在某些特殊情况下，政府可以限制参议院审议法案的时间，但这需要总统的同意，总统有义务首先与她的理事会协商（第24.1条）。第三，参议院的多数议员，沿着至少三分之一的众议院议员，可以要求总统不签署两院通过的法案;在与国务理事会协商后，总统可以签署该法案，或者通过全民公决或大选确定”人民的意愿”。在其中两种情况下，任何向总统提出的请求都意味着众议院和参议院之间不太可能发生严重冲突;第三种情况意味着紧急情况。在这种情况下，总统的权力没有被使用也就不足为奇了。另一方面，使用了其他三种权力。第一，总统在与国家理事会协商后，可以召集Oirectheas（参议院和众议院）之一或两院开会（第13.2条）。3）。直到1990年，援引这项权力的唯一事例是德瓦莱拉于1969年召开两院会议，在第一院成立50周年之际向两院发表讲话。第二，总统可以将一项法案提交最高法院，以获得法院对该法案是否符合宪法的裁决，同样是在与她协商之后
The election of the seventh president of Ireland, held on October 7, 1990, witnessed the triumph of Mary Robinson as the first woman president and the first suc cessful non-Fianna Fail1 candidate since 1945. The Irish Constitution states that the office of the president should be filled by a direct vote of the people for a period of seven years. In practice, however, four presidents have been appointed by consent, thereby avoiding the need for an election. Therefore, it was only the fifth president actually elected, the first presidential election in seventeen years, and the first since 1945 to be contested by three candidates.The office of the Irish presidency as outlined in Articles 12 through 14 of the Irish Constitution is primarily ceremonial in character. Most of the president's responsibili ties are purely formal, and other functions can be performed by her only on the" advice"(meaning permission) of the government. Six areas in which the president enjoys some power may be identified. 2 In three of these, the president has up to now been inactive, primarily because the initiative lies with some other institution that has chosen not to exercise it. First, the Senate (equivalent to the English House of Lords) may request the president to refer the question of whether a bill is or is not a money bill to a Committee of Privileges; the president may then, after consultation with her Council of State (her committee of advisers), appoint such a committee (Article 22.2). Second, in certain exceptional circumstances, the government may seek to restrict the amount of time the Senate may spend in considering a bill, but this requires the concurrence of the presi dent, who is obliged first to consult with her Council of State (Article 24.1). Third, a majority of members of the Senate, along with at least one-third of the Dail (parliament), may ask the president not to sign into law a bill passed by both houses; after consultation with the Council of State, the president may either sign the bill or cause" the will of peo ple" to be ascertained, entailing either a referendum or a general election. In two of these cases, any request to the president implies the unlikely event of a serious clash between the Dail and the Senate; the third implies an emergency. In this context, it is not surpris ing that the president's powers have not been used. On the other hand, three other powers have been used. First, the president may, after consultation with the Council of State, convene either or both houses of the Oirectheas (Senate and Dail)(Article 13.2. 3). Up to 1990, the only instance in which this power has been invoked was when de Valera convened a meeting of both houses in 1969 to address them on the fiftieth anniversary of the inaugural meeting of the First Dail. Second, the president may refer a bill to the Supreme Court to obtain the court's ruling on its compatibility with the Constitution, again following consultation with her