The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain
The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain
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DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.470983
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发表时间：
2003-12
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Boyle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Boyle
我们正处于第二次圈地运动中。把它称为“心灵无形的共有物的围墙”听起来有些夸张，但在一个非常真实的意义上，它就是这样。诚然，新的国家创造的产权可能是“知识产权”而不是“真实的”，但以前被认为是公共财产或不可商品化的东西再次被新的或新扩展的产权所覆盖。在这篇文章中，我试图开发必要的词汇和分析工具来扭转圈地的潮流。我提供了一个关于知识产权的各种类型的怀疑论的历史草图，从美国宪法的制定者的反垄断批评，通过出现对公共领域的肯定性论点，使用公地的语言来捍卫非专有生产的分布式方法的可能性。事实证明，在许多方面，公有领域的概念显示出与财产概念本身相同的假设变化和相同的分析差异。最后，我认为，出于多种原因，我所主张的思想变革的适当模式来自环境运动的历史。“环境”概念的发明将一系列原本互不相关的问题联系在一起，为先前思维方式中隐含的盲目性提供了分析性见解，并导致了对以前从未见过的共同利益的感知。与环境一样，公有领域必须先被“发明”，然后才能被拯救。就像环境一样，就像“自然”一样，公共领域是一个比我们许多人意识到的要狡猾得多的概念。而且，就像环境一样，公共领域仍然是有用的，甚至是必要的。
We are in the middle of a second enclosure movement. It sounds grandiloquent to call it "the enclosure of the intangible commons of the mind," but in a very real sense that is just what it is. True, the new state-created property rights may be "intellectual" rather than "real," but once again things that were formerly thought of as either common property or uncommodifiable are being covered with new, or newly extended, property rights. In this article, I try to develop the vocabulary and the analytic tools necessary to turn the tide of enclosure. I offer an historical sketch of various types of skepticism about intellectual property, from the antimonopolist criticisms of the Framers of the U.S. Constitution, through the emergence of affirmative arguments for the public domain, to the use of the language of the commons to defend the possibility of distributed methods of non-proprietary production. In many ways, it turns out, concepts of the public domain show the same variation in assumptions, and the same analytic differences, as the concept of property itself. I conclude by arguing that, for a number of reasons, the appropriate model for the change in thinking which I argue for comes from the history of the environmental movement. The invention of the concept of "the environment" pulls together a string of otherwise disconnected issues, offers analytical insight into the blindness implicit in prior ways of thinking, and leads to perception of common interest where none was seen before. Like the environment, the public domain must be "invented" before it is saved. Like the environment, like "nature," the public domain turns out to be a concept that is considerably more slippery than many of us realize. And, like the environment, the public domain nevertheless turns out to be useful, perhaps even necessary.