The animal nature of spontaneous human laughter
The animal nature of spontaneous human laughter
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DOI：
10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.03.003
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发表时间：
2014-07-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Aktipis, C. Athena
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bryant, Gregory A.;Aktipis, C. Athena
笑声是一种普遍产生的声音信号，在人类社会互动中发挥着重要作用。研究人员已经区分了自发的笑声和有意识的笑声，但没有实证研究探讨可能的听觉和感知差异。如果自发的笑声是合作意图的诚实信号（例如，源自游戏呼吸模式），那么自愿模仿这些声音的能力可能会塑造感知系统，使其适应自发笑的各个方面，而这些方面很难伪造与系统发育上较古老的声音控制机制相关的特征。我们从朋友之间的对话中提取自发的笑声，以及在没有其他刺激的情况下通过指导引起的自愿笑声。在三个感知实验中，我们发现 1) 参与者可以区分自发笑和有意识的笑声，2) 当笑声速度增加（持续时间减少 33%，音调保持不变）时，所有笑声都被判断为更加“真实”，自发笑的判断准确度增加，有意识笑声的判断准确度下降，3）当笑声放慢（持续时间增加 260%，音调按比例改变）时，参与者无法区分自发笑和非人类发声，但可以将自愿的笑声识别为人为的。这些发现和声学数据表明，自发的笑声和有意识的笑声是由不同的发声系统产生的，并且自发的笑声可能与非人类动物的发声具有自愿笑声所没有的特征。 (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。
Laughter is a universally produced vocal signal that plays an important role in human social interaction. Researchers have distinguished between spontaneous and volitional laughter, but no empirical work has explored possible acoustic and perceptual differences. If spontaneous laughter is an honest signal of cooperative intent (e.g., derived from play breathing patterns), then the ability to mimic these sounds volitionally could have shaped perceptual systems to be attuned to aspects of spontaneous laughs that are harder to fake features associated with phylogenetically older vocal control mechanisms. We extracted spontaneous laughs from conversations between friends and volitional laughs elicited by instruction without other provocation. In three perception experiments we found that 1) participants could distinguish between spontaneous and volitional laughter, 2) when laugh speed was increased (duration decreased 33% and pitch held constant), all laughs were judged as more "real," with judgment accuracy increasing for spontaneous laughter and decreasing for volitional laughter, and 3) when the laughs were slowed down (duration increased 260% and pitch altered proportionally), participants could not distinguish spontaneous laughs from nonhuman vocalizations but could identify volitional laughs as human-made. These findings and acoustic data suggest that spontaneous and volitional laughs are produced by different vocal systems, and that spontaneous laughter might share features with nonhuman animal vocalizations that volitional laughter does not. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.