The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure
The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure
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DOI：
10.1899/04-028.1
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发表时间：
2005-09-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Morgan, RP II
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Walsh, CJ;Roy, AH;Morgan, RP II
“城市水系综合症”一词描述了持续观察到的排水城市土地的水系生态退化。本文回顾了近年来的文献，描述了该综合征的症状，探讨了该综合征的驱动机制，并确定了适当的城市河流生态恢复的目标和方法。城市河流综合症的症状包括水流曲线变亮，营养物和污染物浓度升高，河道形态改变，生物丰富度降低，耐水物种优势增加。在概括城市对河流生态系统过程的影响之前，还需要进行更多的研究，但一直有报道称营养吸收减少。驱动该综合征的机制是复杂和相互作用的，但大多数影响可归因于几个主要的大规模来源，主要是通过水力高效排水系统向溪流输送的城市雨水径流。其他压力源，如下水道或卫生下水道溢流、污水处理厂流出物和遗留污染物（早期土地使用产生的长期污染物）可以掩盖雨水径流的影响。大多数关于城市对河流影响的研究都集中在河流生态指标与流域总不透水性之间的相关性上。最近的研究表明，这种关系中的一些差异可以用河流河段与城市土地之间的距离或雨水排水的水力效率来解释。这种模式背后的机制需要在集水区规模上进行实验，以确定保护和恢复城市集水区河流的最佳管理方法。雨水影响的补救最有可能通过广泛应用创新的排水设计方法来实现。由于人类对城市生态系统的主导作用，城市河流生态学的研究将需要扩大河流生态学的研究范围，将其与社会、行为和经济研究相结合。
The term ''urban stream syndrome'' describes the consistently observed ecological degradation of streams draining urban land. This paper reviews recent literature to describe symptoms of the syndrome, explores mechanisms driving the syndrome, and identifies appropriate goals and methods for ecological restoration of urban streams. Symptoms of the urban stream syndrome include a flashier hydrograph, elevated concentrations of nutrients and contaminants, altered channel morphology, and reduced biotic richness, with increased dominance of tolerant species. More research is needed before generalizations can be made about urban effects on stream ecosystem processes, but reduced nutrient uptake has been consistently reported. The mechanisms driving the syndrome are complex and interactive, but most impacts can be ascribed to a few major large-scale sources, primarily urban stormwater runoff delivered to streams by hydraulically efficient drainage systems. Other stressors, such as combined or sanitary sewer overflows, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and legacy pollutants (long-lived pollutants from earlier land uses) can obscure the effects of stormwater runoff. Most research on urban impacts to streams has concentrated on correlations between instream ecological metrics and total catchment imperviousness. Recent research shows that some of the variance in such relationships can be explained by the distance between the stream reach and urban land, or by the hydraulic efficiency of stormwater drainage The mechanisms behind such patterns require experimentation at the catchment scale to identify the best management approaches to conservation and restoration of streams in urban catchments. Remediation of stormwater impacts is most likely to be achieved through widespread application of innovative approaches to drainage design. Because humans dominate urban ecosystems, research on urban stream ecology will require a broadening of stream ecological research to integrate with social, behavioral, and economic research.