The Adult Skills Gap : Is Falling Investment in UK Adults Stalling Social Mobility?
The Adult Skills Gap : Is Falling Investment in UK Adults Stalling Social Mobility?
复制标题
成人技能差距：英国成年人投资下降是否会阻碍社会流动性？
DOI：
10.1080/09645292.2020.1761945
复制
发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Peter Dickinson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Luchinskaya;Peter Dickinson
英国低水平的社会流动性吸引了大量研究，其中大部分注意力集中在改善年轻人的教育和技能上。然而，一个至关重要且经常被忽视的领域是成人技能。在本报告中，我们通过研究谁投资、谁参与与工作相关的培训和教育来审视成人技能状况。我们考虑这些趋势如何随着时间的推移而变化，以及成人技能在多大程度上影响社会流动性。我们发现的证据表明，来自社会经济背景最低的人最不可能获得成人技能投资。首先，越来越多的证据表明，那些父母是工人阶级的人比他们的父母是中产阶级的人接受培训的可能性更小——即使他们从事的是同样类型的工作。其次，雇主更有可能投资于技能较高的人，而富裕的个人也更有可能为自己的培训提供资金。这导致现有的技能差距扩大，因为与来自富裕背景的同龄人相比，来自工人阶级背景的人不太可能拥有更高的技能，也不太可能获得高工资。我们还发现成人技能投资回报的好坏参半的证据。研究一致表明，最高的资格往往会带来最高的回报，学术资格比同等水平的职业资格带来更高的回报，而晚年获得的资格往往会比早期获得的相同资格获得更低的回报。成人技能为个人提供了第二次机会，但受益最多的人绝大多数是那些已经拥有较高成人技能水平的人。
Britain’s low levels of social mobility has attracted considerable amounts of research with much of the attention focused on improving education and skills in young people. However, a crucial and often overlooked area is adult skills. In this report, we look at the adult skills landscape – by examining who invests in, and who participates in, job-related training and education. We consider how these trends have changed over time and to what extent adult skills affect social mobility. We uncover evidence that people from the lowest socio-economic backgrounds are the least likely to receive adult skills investment. First, there is growing evidence to suggest that those whose parents were working class are less likely to do training than if their parents were middle class – even though they are doing the same type of job. Second, employers are more likely to invest in those with higher skills while better-off individuals are also more likely to fund their own training. This results in widening existing skills gaps as people from working class backgrounds are less likely to have higher skills – and are less likely to earn high wages – than their peers from better off backgrounds. We also found mixed evidence of the returns to investment in adult skills. Research consistently suggests that the highest qualifications tend to lead to the highest returns, that academic qualifications lead to higher returns than vocational ones at the same level, and that qualifications gained later in life tend to secure lower returns than the same qualifications earlier on. Adult skills provide second chances to individuals, but those who benefit most are overwhelmingly those who already have higher levels of adult skills.