PARETO IMPROVEMENTS FROM LEXUS LANES
PARETO IMPROVEMENTS FROM LEXUS LANES
复制标题
LEXUS LANES 的帕累托改进
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jonathan D. Hall
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jonathan D. Hall
本文表明，一个明智的设计收费适用于一条高速公路的车道的一部分，可以是一个帕累托改进，甚至在收入花掉。我实现这一新的结果，通过扩展一个标准的动态拥堵模型，以反映一个重要的额外的交通外部性，交通工程师最近确定：额外的交通不只是增加旅行时间，但也可以引入额外的摩擦，减少吞吐量。通过使用时变通行费来平滑人们上班的速度，可以避免这些摩擦，提高速度和吞吐量。因为增加通行费会增加吞吐量，如果道路使用者是同质的，那么对所有车道增加通行费是帕累托改进。然而，增加通行费改变了在高峰时间使用高速公路的货币。这一变化伤害了顽固不化的穷人。我们可以避免伤害不灵活的穷人，只增加收费的一部分车道。这样做可以保留他们用时间而不是金钱支付的能力。我表明，只要有一些富有的司机在高峰时间使用高速公路，然后增加收费的一部分车道是帕累托改进。为了证实这种理论可能性的真实的世界相关性，我使用来自加州州91号公路的调查和旅行时间数据来估计增加最佳时变收费的影响。我发现，在四条车道上增加通行费是一种帕累托改进，这样做的社会福利收益超过每年每个道路使用者1000美元。
This paper shows that a judiciously designed toll applied to a portion of the lanes of a highway can be a Pareto improvement even before the revenue is spent. I achieve this new result by extending a standard dynamic congestion model to reflect an important additional traffic externality which transportation engineers have recently identified: additional traffic does not simply increase travel times, but can also introduce additional frictions that reduce throughput. By using a time varying toll to smooth the rate that people depart for work it is possible to avoid these frictions, increasing speed and throughput. Because adding a toll increases throughput, if road users are homogeneous then adding tolls to all of the lanes is a Pareto improvement. However, adding tolls changes the currency used to pay for use of the highway during rush hour from time to money. This change hurts the inflexible poor. We can avoid hurting the inflexible poor by only adding tolls to a portion of the lanes. Doing so preserves their ability to pay with time instead of money. I show that as long as there are some rich drivers using the highway at the peak of rush hour then adding tolls to a portion of the lanes is a Pareto improvement. To confirm the real world relevance of this theoretical possibility I use survey and travel time data from California State Route 91 to estimate the effects of adding optimal time varying tolls. I find that adding tolls to a four of the lanes is a Pareto improvement, and that social welfare gains of doing so are over a thousand dollars per road user per year.