The Mystery of Energy Compensation
The Mystery of Energy Compensation
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DOI：
10.1086/716467
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发表时间：
2021-11-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Halsey, Lewis G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Halsey, Lewis G.
关于活动如何影响能量消耗的公认观点是，活动越多，一天结束时燃烧的卡路里就越多。然而，传统的狩猎采集者过着艰苦的体力生活，他们每天燃烧的卡路里并不比生活在节省劳动力的环境中的西方人口多。事实上，现在有大量针对人类和其他动物的数据表明，涉及增加运动或其他体育活动的长期生活方式改变不会导致每日能量消耗（DEE）相应增加。这是因为人类和其他动物在有机体水平上表现出一定程度的能量补偿，通过减少其他生物过程中消耗的能量来改善因活动增加而导致的 DEE 增加。能量补偿可以是相当大的，达到人体数百卡路里。但长期下调以实现能量补偿的过程还远未明确，尤其是在人类中——我们不知道能量补偿是如何实现的。我对人类和其他物种的相关运动干预研究文献的回顾表明，对于基础代谢率（BMR）或坐立不安等低水平活动的作用（如果有的话）存在冲突，特别是在排除身体成分变化后。如果基础代谢率和低水平活动不是能量补偿的主要组成部分，那么是什么驱动它呢？我讨论线粒体效率的变化和基础代谢率昼夜节律波动的变化如何有助于我们对能量管理的理解。目前尚未探索，这些机制和其他机制可能为了解如何实现能量补偿之谜提供重要的见解。
The received wisdom on how activity affects energy expenditure is that the more activity is undertaken, the more calories will have been burned by the end of the day. Yet traditional hunter-gatherers, who lead physically hard lives, burn no more calories each day than Western populations living in labor-saving environments. Indeed, there is now a wealth of data, both for humans and other animals, demonstrating that long-term lifestyle changes involving increases in exercise or other physical activities do not result in commensurate increases in daily energy expenditure (DEE). This is because humans and other animals exhibit a degree of energy compensation at the organismal level, ameliorating some of the increases in DEE that would occur from the increased activity by decreasing the energy expended on other biological processes. And energy compensation can be sizable, reaching many hundreds of calories in humans. But the processes that are downregulated in the long-term to achieve energy compensation are far from clear, particularly in humans-we do not know how energy compensation is achieved. My review here of the literature on relevant exercise intervention studies, for both humans and other species, indicates conflict regarding the role, if any, of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or low-level activity such as fidgeting play, particularly once changes in body composition are factored out. In situations where BMR and low-level activity are not major components of energy compensation, what then drives it? I discuss how changes in mitochondrial efficiency and changes in circadian fluctuations in BMR may contribute to our understanding of energy management. Currently unexplored, these mechanisms and others may provide important insights into the mystery of how energy compensation is achieved.