Infectious disease surveillance and the International Health Regulations
Infectious disease surveillance and the International Health Regulations
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DOI：
10.1002/9780470692097.ch2
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Rodier, Guenael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Plotkin, Bruce J.;Hardiman, Max;Rodier, Guenael
背景 35 年来，世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的《国际卫生条例》（“IHR”或“条例”）一直是解决传染病国际传播风险的主要具有法律约束力的全球协议。然而，现行的 1969 年条例（“IHR (1969)”）[1]——通常持续到 2007 年 6 月——相当有限，主要涉及少数传染病。为了解决《国际卫生条例（1969）》中的这些和其他缺陷，世界卫生大会于 1995 年通过了 WHA48 号决议。 7 号决议启动了为期 10 年的《条例》修订过程，旨在更新政策和技术，并扩大其范围，以应对当今日益全球化的贸易、运输和旅客流动所带来的跨国挑战。这些新修订的《国际卫生条例（2005）》于 2005 年 5 月 23 日由卫生大会通过 [2]，并将于 2007 年 6 月 15 日对 2006 年 12 月 15 日之前尚未拒绝或作出某些保留的所有世卫组织会员国生效（见表 2.1）。 《国际卫生条例（2005）》完全修订并取代了《国际卫生条例（1969）》中有关监测的条款，为这一新协议的“缔约国”和世卫组织提供了广泛的新任务和义务。覆盖范围，包括缔约国的通知及其回应世卫组织核查请求的义务，已扩大到包括可能构成国际关注的突发公共卫生事件（以及某些其他公共卫生风险）的任何事件。整个文书的基础是第 2 条中新的“目的和范围”条款，指出《国际卫生条例（2005）》“旨在以与公共卫生风险相称和限制的方式预防、防范、控制疾病的国际传播并提供公共卫生应对措施，并避免对国际交通和贸易造成不必要的干扰。”
BackgroundFor over 35 years, the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) International Health Regulations (“IHR” or “Regulations”) have been the primary legally binding global agreement addressing the risks of the international spread of infectious disease. However, the current 1969 Regulations (“IHR (1969)”)[1]—which remain in force generally until June 2007—are quite limited, dealing primarily with a small number of infectious diseases. To address these and other shortcomings in the IHR (1969), the World Health Assembly in 1995 adopted resolution WHA48. 7 that commenced the 10-year process of revising the Regulations to bring them up-to-date in policy and technology and to broaden their scope to address the transnational challenges presented by today’s increasingly globalized movements of trade, transport, and travelers. These newly revised IHR (2005) were adopted by the Health Assembly on May 23, 2005 [2], and will enter into force on June 15, 2007, for all WHO Member States who have not rejected them, or made certain reservations to them, by December 15, 2006 (see Table 2.1). The IHR (2005) completely revised and replaced the provisions concerning surveillance in the IHR (1969), providing broad new mandates and obligations for the “States Parties” to this new agreement and for WHO. The scope of coverage, including notification by States Parties and their obligations to respond to requests for verification by WHO, is expanded to include any event which may constitute a public health emergency of international concern (as well as certain other public health risks). Underlying the entire instrument is the new “purpose and scope” provision in Article 2, stating that the IHR (2005)“are to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade.”