Between a ‘Rock’ and a ‘Hard Place’: Baltic Foreign Policy after Enlargement
Between a ‘Rock’ and a ‘Hard Place’: Baltic Foreign Policy after Enlargement
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在“岩石”和“困境”之间：扩大后的波罗的海外交政策
DOI：
10.1163/9789042030992_011
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发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
D. Galbreath
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Galbreath
后共产主义时代的欧洲大部分国家正在克服去社会化、民主化和市场化的三重转变，而拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚和立陶宛则经历了更为复杂的后共产主义时期。这一组复杂的因素使拉脱维亚及其波罗的海邻国成为这里的重要案例研究。波罗的海国家可以用历史、地理位置和面积来概括。对拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚和立陶宛来说，冷战的结束不仅带来了过渡，也带来了独立；从1940年苏联入侵之前的两次世界大战期间复苏并重建。在战前波罗的海国家面临的主要威胁是波兰和德国，苏联将波罗的海三个共和国纳入其中，留下了对“东方”的深深不信任和对“西方”安全的希望。波罗的海各国首都和旧政权之间的这种紧张关系既被它们的地理位置所调和，也被它们的地理位置加剧。波罗的海国家东临俄罗斯和白俄罗斯(西至加里宁格勒)，西至波兰，北至芬兰。波罗的海国家是中欧、北欧和后苏联时代的复杂混合体，这对它们如何看待自己和他人产生了影响。最后，拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚和立陶宛是欧盟最小的三个成员国，分别为130万、230万和360万(截至2007年)。他们的小规模也影响了他们在波罗的海地区对“自我”和“他人”的看法。在讨论后共产主义时代的外交政策时，波罗的海国家在后苏联时代的处境又增添了几个复杂的方面。在我们对波罗的海国家的讨论中，我们着眼于三个方面。首先，这一部分考察了影响拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚和立陶宛外交和安全政策的国内因素。我们特别关注“从头开始”制定外交政策的想法。其次，我们关注与欧洲融入欧盟和北约有关的波罗的海外交政策。最后，我们着眼于俄罗斯和欧盟之间不断演变的地区关系，以及这种关系对后苏联地区的影响。换言之，波罗的海国家左右为难，左右为难。总之，本章介绍了拉脱维亚和波罗的海背景下的后共产主义外交政策分析的重要部分。
While much of post-communist Europe was overcoming the triple transitions of de-socialization, democratization, and marketization, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania had a more complex post-communist experience. This complex set of factors makes Latvia and its Baltic neighbours important case studies here. The Baltic States can best be summed up in terms of history, location and size. For Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, the end of the Cold War not only brought transition, it also brought independence; resurrected and reconstructed from the inter-war period before the Soviet invasion of 1940. Where the primary threat to the Baltic States was Poland and Germany before the war, the Soviet inclusion of the three Baltic republics left a legacy of deep distrust of the ‘East’and a hope of security from the ‘West’. This tension between the Baltic capitals and the ancien regime is both mediated and exacerbated by their location. Bordering Russia and Belarus to the East (and West in terms of Kaliningrad), Poland to the West, and Finland to the North, the Baltic States are a complex mixture of central European, Nordic and post-Soviet, which has an impact on how they see themselves and others. Finally, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania are three of the smallest member-states of the European Union with 1.3 million, 2.3 million, and 3.6 million respectively (as of 2007). Their small size also impacts their perspective of ‘self’and ‘other’in the Baltic Sea region. In discussing post-communist foreign policies, the Baltic States’ post-Soviet circumstances add several further complex dimensions. In our discussion of the Baltic States, we look at three aspects. Firstly, this section looks at the domestic factors influencing foreign and security policy in Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania. We pay particular attention to the idea of building foreign policy ‘from scratch’. Secondly, we look at Baltic foreign policies in relation to European integration into the EU and NATO. Finally, we look at the evolving regional relationship between Russia and the EU in relation to how this affects the post-Soviet region., In other words, the Baltic States sit between a ‘rock’and a ‘hard place’. Altogether, this chapter presents an important part of postcommunist foreign policy analysis in the Latvian and Baltic contexts.