Direction identification in radio images of cosmic-ray air showers detected with LOPES and KASCADE
Direction identification in radio images of cosmic-ray air showers detected with LOPES and KASCADE
复制标题
使用 LOPES 和 KASCADE 检测到的宇宙射线气簇射电图像中的方向识别
DOI：
10.1051/0004-6361:20079218
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
E. al.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Nigl;E. al.
目标。我们希望了解空气簇射的无线电发射机制，以确定高能宇宙射线的起源。因此，我们研究了LOPES测量的空气簇射射电辐射的几何形状，并寻找系统的e！在无线电信号上确定的方向和由粒子探测器阵列KASCADE提供的方向之间的间隔。方法.我们使用数字波束形成产生纳秒时间尺度上的4D无线电图像。图像的每个像素是针对三个空间维度并且作为时间的函数来计算的。第三空间维度通过计算适合于信号波前的曲率半径范围的光束焦点来获得。我们搜索这个多维参数空间的方向的最大相干的空气簇射无线电信号，并将其比较的方向KASCADE提供的。结果当曲率半径大于3 km时，得到了最大的空气簇射射电辐射。我们发现，当优化曲率半径时，发射最大值的方向可以改变。这种依赖性主导了LOPES方向确定的统计不确定性。此外，我们发现了一个试探性的增加曲率半径较低的海拔高度，那里的空气淋浴通过一个较大的大气深度。O的分布！两个实验的方向之间的集合被发现随着信噪比的增加而线性减小。大大增加了O！集合和增强的信号强度被雷暴云中的强电场修改的事件中发现。结论.我们的结论是，LOPES的角分辨率是足够的，以确定最大的观察电场振幅的方向。然而，方向的统计不确定性不是由LOPES的分辨率决定的，而是由曲率半径的不确定性决定的。我们没有发现从无线电信号和从检测到的粒子确定的方向之间的任何系统偏差。这一结果为使用无线电技术研究高能宇宙射线的起源提供了强有力的支持。
Aims. We want to understand the emission mechanism of radio emission from air showers to determine the origin of high-energy cosmic rays. Therefore, we study the geometry of the air shower radio emission measured with LOPES and search for systematic e! ects between the direction determined on the radio signal and the direction provided by the particle detector array KASCADE. Methods. We produce 4D radio images on time-scales of nanoseconds using digital beam-forming. Each pixel of the image is calculated for three spatial dimensions and as a function of time. The third spatial dimension is obtained by calculating the beam focus for a range of curvature radii fitted to the signal wave front. We search this multi-dimensional parameter space for the direction of maximum coherence of the air shower radio signal and compare it to the direction provided by KASCADE. Results. The maximum radio emission of air showers is obtained for curvature radii being larger than 3 km. We find that the direction of the emission maximum can change when optimizing the curvature radius. This dependence dominates the statistical uncertainty for the direction determination with LOPES. Furthermore, we find a tentative increase of the curvature radius to lower elevations, where the air showers pass through a larger atmospheric depth. The distribution of the o! sets between the directions of both experiments is found to decrease linearly with increasing signal-to-noise ratio. Significantly increased o! sets and enhanced signal strengths are found in events which were modified by strong electric fields in thunderstorm clouds. Conclusions. We conclude that the angular resolution of LOPES is su" cient to determine the direction which maximizes the observed electric field amplitude. However, the statistical uncertainty of the directions is not determined by the resolution of LOPES, but by the uncertainty of the curvature radius. We do not find any systematic deviation between the directions determined from the radio signal and from the detected particles. This result places a strong supportive argument for the use of the radio technique to study the origin of high-energy cosmic rays.
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
J. Abraham;P. Abreu;M. Aglietta;C. Aguirre;D. Allard;I. Allekotte;J. Allen;P. Allison;C. Álvarez;J. Alvarez-Muñiz;M. Ambrosio;L. Anchordoqui;S. Andringa;A. Anzalone;C. Aramo;S. Argirò;K. Arisaka;E. Armengaud;F. Arneodo;F. Arqueros;T. Asch;Hernán Asorey;P. Assis;B. S. Atulugama;J. Aublin;M. Ave;G. Avila;T. Bäcker;D. Badagnani;A. F. Barbosa;D. Barnhill;S. Barroso;P. Bauleo;J. Beatty;T. Beau;B. Becker;K. Becker;J. Bellido;S. BenZvi;C. Bérat;T. Bergmann;P. Bernardini;X. Bertou;P. Biermann;P. Billoir;O. Blanch-Bigas;F. Blanco;P. Blasi;C. Bleve;H. Blümer;M. Boháčová;C. Bonifazi;R. Bonino;M. Boratav;J. Brack;P. Brogueira;W. C. Brown;P. Buchholz;A. Bueno;N. Busca;K. Caballero-Mora;B. Cai;D. Camin;R. Caruso;W. Carvalho;A. Castellina;O. Catalano;G. Cataldi;L. Cazon-Boado;R. Cester;J. Chauvin;A. Chiavassa;J. Chinellato;A. Chou;J. Chye;P. Clark;R. Clay;E. Colombo;R. Conceição;B. Connolly;F. Contreras;J. Coppens;A. Cordier;U. Cotti;S. Coutu;C. Covault;A. Creusot;J. Cronin;S. Dagoret-Campagne;K. Daumiller;B. Dawson;R. D. de Almeida;C. De Donato;S. de Jong;G. de la Vega;W. J. M. de Mello Junior;Joao R. T. de Mello Neto;I. De Mitri;V. de Souza;L. Del Peral;O. Deligny;A. Selva;C. Fratte;H. Dembinski;C. Di Giulio;J. Diaz;C. Dobrigkeit;J. D'Olivo;D. Dornic;A. Dorofeev;J. D. dos Anjos;M. Dova;D. D’Urso;M. DuVernois;R. Engel;L. Epele;M. Erdmann;C. Escobar;A. Etchegoyen;P. Facal San Luis;H. Falcke;G. Farrar;A. Fauth;N. Fazzini;A. Fernández;F. Ferrer;S. Ferry;B. Fick;A. Filevich;A. Filipčič;I. Fleck;R. Fonte;C. Fracchiolla;W. Fulgione;B. Garcia;D. García Gámez;D. García-Pinto;X. Garrido;H. Geenen;G. Gelmini;H. Gemmeke;P. Ghia;M. Giller;H. Glass;M. Gold;G. Golup;F. G. Albarracín;M. G. Berisso;R. G. Herrero;P. Gonçalves;M. Gonçalves do Amaral;D. Gonzalez;J. G. Gonzalez;M. González;D. Góra;A. Gorgi;P. Gouffon;V. Grassi;A. Grillo;C. Grunfeld;Y. Guardincerri;F. Guarino;G. Guedes;J. Gutiérrez;J. Hague;J. Hamilton;P. Hansen;D. Harari;S. Harmsma;J. Harton;A. Haungs;T. Hauschildt;M. Healy;T. Hebbeker;D. Heck;C. Hojvat;V. C. Holmes;P. Homola;J. Hörandel;A. Horneffer;M. Horvat;M. Hrabovsky;T. Huege;M. Iarlori;A. Insolia;F. Ionita;A. Italiano;M. Kaducak;K. Kampert;B. Keilhauer;E. Kemp;R. Kieckhafer;H. Klages;M. Kleifges;J. Kleinfeller;R. Knapik;J. Knapp;D. Koang;A. Kopmann;A. Krieger;O. Krömer;D. Kümpel;N. Kunka;A. Kusenko;G. La Rosa;C. Lachaud;B. Lago;D. Lebrun;P. Lebrun;J. Lee;M. A. Leigui de Oliveira;A. Letessier-Selvon;M. Leuthold;I. Lhenry-Yvon;R. Lopez;A. Lopez Agüera;J. Lozano Bahilo;M. Maccarone;C. Macolino;S. Maldera;M. Malek;G. Mancarella;M. Manceñido;D. Mandát;P. Mantsch;A. Mariazzi;I. Mariş;D. Martello;J. Martinez;O. M. Martinez Bravo;H. Mathes;J. Matthews;J. Matthews;G. Matthiae;D. Maurizio;P. Mazur;T. McCauley;M. Mcewen;R. Mcneil;M. Medina;G. Medina-Tanco;A. Meli;D. Melo;E. Menichetti;A. Menschikov;C. Meurer;R. Meyhandan;M. Micheletti;G. Miele;W. Miller;S. Mollerach;M. Monasor;D. Monnier Ragaigne;F. Montanet;B. Morales;C. Morello;E. Moreno;J. Moreno;C. Morris;M. Mostafá;M. Muller;R. Mussa;G. Navarra;J. Navarro;S. Navas;L. Nellen;C. Newman-Holmes;D. Newton;T. N. Thi;N. Nierstenhöfer;D. Nitz;D. Nosek;L. Nožka;J. Oehlschläger;T. Ohnuki;A. Olinto;V. Olmos-Gilbaja;M. Ortiz;S. Ostapchenko;L. Otero;D. Pakk Selmi-Dei;M. Palatka;J. Pallotta;G. Parente;E. Parizot;S. Parlati;S. Pastor;M. Patel;T. Paul;V. Pavlidou;K. Payet;M. Pech;J. Pȩkala;R. Pelayo;I. Pepe;L. Perrone;S. Petrera;P. Petrinca;Y. Petrov;Dieppham Ngoc;D. Ngoc;T. N. Pham Thi;A. Pichel;R. Piegaia;T. Pierog;M. Pimenta;T. Pinto;V. Pirronello;O. Pisanti;M. Platino;J. Pochon;T. Porter;P. Privitera;M. Prouza;E. Quel;J. Rautenberg;S. Reucroft;B. Revenu;F. Rezende;J. Řídký;S. Riggi;M. Risse;C. Rivière;V. Rizi;M. Roberts;C. Robledo;G. Rodriguez;D. Rodríguez Frías;J. Rodríguez Martino;J. R. Rodriguez Rojo;I. Rodríguez-Cabo;G. Ros;J. Rosado;M. Roth;B. Rouillé-d’Orfeuil;E. Roulet;A. Rovero;F. Salamida;H. Salazar;G. Salina;F. Sánchez;M. Santander;C. E. Santo;E. Santos;F. Sarazin;S. Sarkar;R. Sato;V. Scherini;H. Schieler;F. Schmidt;T. Schmidt;O. Scholten;P. Schovánek;F. Schüssler;S. Sciutto;M. Scuderi;A. Segreto;D. Semikoz;M. Settimo;R. Shellard;I. Sidelnik;B. B. Siffert-B.;G. Sigl;N. S. De Grande;A. Śmiałkowski;R. Šmída;A. Smith;B. Smith;G. Snow;P. Sokolsky;P. Sommers;J. Sorokin;H. Spinka;R. Squartini;E. Strazzeri;A. Stutz;F. Suarez;T. Suomijärvi;A. Supanitsky;M. Sutherland;J. Swain;Z. Szadkowski;J. Takahashi;A. Tamashiro;A. Tamburro;O. Tascau;R. Tcaciuc;D. Thomas;R. Ticona;J. Tiffenberg;C. Timmermans;W. Tkaczyk;C. J. Todero Peixoto;B. Tomé;A. Tonachini;D. Torresi;P. Trávníček;A. Tripathi;G. Tristram;D. Tscherniakhovski;M. Tueros;V. Tunnicliffe;R. Ulrich;M. Unger;M. Urban;J. F. Valdés Galicia;I. Valiño;L. Valore;A. M. van den Berg;V. Van Elewyck;R. Vazquez;D. Veberič;A. Veiga;A. Velarde;T. Venters;V. Verzi;M. Videla;L. Villaseñor;S. Vorobiov;L. Voyvodic;H. Wahlberg;O. Wainberg;T. Waldenmaier;P. Walker;D. Warner;A. Watson;S. Westerhoff;G. Wieczorek;L. Wiencke;B. Wilczynska;H. Wilczynski;C. Wileman;M. G. Winnick;H. Wu;B. Wundheiler;J. Xu;T. Yamamoto;P. Younk;E. Zas;D. Zavrtanik;M. Zavrtanik;A. Zech;A. Zepeda;M. Ziolkowski;B. Kégl
通讯作者：
J. Abraham;P. Abreu;M. Aglietta;C. Aguirre;D. Allard;I. Allekotte;J. Allen;P. Allison;C. Álvarez;J. Alvarez-Muñiz;M. Ambrosio;L. Anchordoqui;S. Andringa;A. Anzalone;C. Aramo;S. Argirò;K. Arisaka;E. Armengaud;F. Arneodo;F. Arqueros;T. Asch;Hernán Asorey;P. Assis;B. S. Atulugama;J. Aublin;M. Ave;G. Avila;T. Bäcker;D. Badagnani;A. F. Barbosa;D. Barnhill;S. Barroso;P. Bauleo;J. Beatty;T. Beau;B. Becker;K. Becker;J. Bellido;S. BenZvi;C. Bérat;T. Bergmann;P. Bernardini;X. Bertou;P. Biermann;P. Billoir;O. Blanch-Bigas;F. Blanco;P. Blasi;C. Bleve;H. Blümer;M. Boháčová;C. Bonifazi;R. Bonino;M. Boratav;J. Brack;P. Brogueira;W. C. Brown;P. Buchholz;A. Bueno;N. Busca;K. Caballero-Mora;B. Cai;D. Camin;R. Caruso;W. Carvalho;A. Castellina;O. Catalano;G. Cataldi;L. Cazon-Boado;R. Cester;J. Chauvin;A. Chiavassa;J. Chinellato;A. Chou;J. Chye;P. Clark;R. Clay;E. Colombo;R. Conceição;B. Connolly;F. Contreras;J. Coppens;A. Cordier;U. Cotti;S. Coutu;C. Covault;A. Creusot;J. Cronin;S. Dagoret-Campagne;K. Daumiller;B. Dawson;R. D. de Almeida;C. De Donato;S. de Jong;G. de la Vega;W. J. M. de Mello Junior;Joao R. T. de Mello Neto;I. De Mitri;V. de Souza;L. Del Peral;O. Deligny;A. Selva;C. Fratte;H. Dembinski;C. Di Giulio;J. Diaz;C. Dobrigkeit;J. D'Olivo;D. Dornic;A. Dorofeev;J. D. dos Anjos;M. Dova;D. D’Urso;M. DuVernois;R. Engel;L. Epele;M. Erdmann;C. Escobar;A. Etchegoyen;P. Facal San Luis;H. Falcke;G. Farrar;A. Fauth;N. Fazzini;A. Fernández;F. Ferrer;S. Ferry;B. Fick;A. Filevich;A. Filipčič;I. Fleck;R. Fonte;C. Fracchiolla;W. Fulgione;B. Garcia;D. García Gámez;D. García-Pinto;X. Garrido;H. Geenen;G. Gelmini;H. Gemmeke;P. Ghia;M. Giller;H. Glass;M. Gold;G. Golup;F. G. Albarracín;M. G. Berisso;R. G. Herrero;P. Gonçalves;M. Gonçalves do Amaral;D. Gonzalez;J. G. Gonzalez;M. González;D. Góra;A. Gorgi;P. Gouffon;V. Grassi;A. Grillo;C. Grunfeld;Y. Guardincerri;F. Guarino;G. Guedes;J. Gutiérrez;J. Hague;J. Hamilton;P. Hansen;D. Harari;S. Harmsma;J. Harton;A. Haungs;T. Hauschildt;M. Healy;T. Hebbeker;D. Heck;C. Hojvat;V. C. Holmes;P. Homola;J. Hörandel;A. Horneffer;M. Horvat;M. Hrabovsky;T. Huege;M. Iarlori;A. Insolia;F. Ionita;A. Italiano;M. Kaducak;K. Kampert;B. Keilhauer;E. Kemp;R. Kieckhafer;H. Klages;M. Kleifges;J. Kleinfeller;R. Knapik;J. Knapp;D. Koang;A. Kopmann;A. Krieger;O. Krömer;D. Kümpel;N. Kunka;A. Kusenko;G. La Rosa;C. Lachaud;B. Lago;D. Lebrun;P. Lebrun;J. Lee;M. A. Leigui de Oliveira;A. Letessier-Selvon;M. Leuthold;I. Lhenry-Yvon;R. Lopez;A. Lopez Agüera;J. Lozano Bahilo;M. Maccarone;C. Macolino;S. Maldera;M. Malek;G. Mancarella;M. Manceñido;D. Mandát;P. Mantsch;A. Mariazzi;I. Mariş;D. Martello;J. Martinez;O. M. Martinez Bravo;H. Mathes;J. Matthews;J. Matthews;G. Matthiae;D. Maurizio;P. Mazur;T. McCauley;M. Mcewen;R. Mcneil;M. Medina;G. Medina-Tanco;A. Meli;D. Melo;E. Menichetti;A. Menschikov;C. Meurer;R. Meyhandan;M. Micheletti;G. Miele;W. Miller;S. Mollerach;M. Monasor;D. Monnier Ragaigne;F. Montanet;B. Morales;C. Morello;E. Moreno;J. Moreno;C. Morris;M. Mostafá;M. Muller;R. Mussa;G. Navarra;J. Navarro;S. Navas;L. Nellen;C. Newman-Holmes;D. Newton;T. N. Thi;N. Nierstenhöfer;D. Nitz;D. Nosek;L. Nožka;J. Oehlschläger;T. Ohnuki;A. Olinto;V. Olmos-Gilbaja;M. Ortiz;S. Ostapchenko;L. Otero;D. Pakk Selmi-Dei;M. Palatka;J. Pallotta;G. Parente;E. Parizot;S. Parlati;S. Pastor;M. Patel;T. Paul;V. Pavlidou;K. Payet;M. Pech;J. Pȩkala;R. Pelayo;I. Pepe;L. Perrone;S. Petrera;P. Petrinca;Y. Petrov;Dieppham Ngoc;D. Ngoc;T. N. Pham Thi;A. Pichel;R. Piegaia;T. Pierog;M. Pimenta;T. Pinto;V. Pirronello;O. Pisanti;M. Platino;J. Pochon;T. Porter;P. Privitera;M. Prouza;E. Quel;J. Rautenberg;S. Reucroft;B. Revenu;F. Rezende;J. Řídký;S. Riggi;M. Risse;C. Rivière;V. Rizi;M. Roberts;C. Robledo;G. Rodriguez;D. Rodríguez Frías;J. Rodríguez Martino;J. R. Rodriguez Rojo;I. Rodríguez-Cabo;G. Ros;J. Rosado;M. Roth;B. Rouillé-d’Orfeuil;E. Roulet;A. Rovero;F. Salamida;H. Salazar;G. Salina;F. Sánchez;M. Santander;C. E. Santo;E. Santos;F. Sarazin;S. Sarkar;R. Sato;V. Scherini;H. Schieler;F. Schmidt;T. Schmidt;O. Scholten;P. Schovánek;F. Schüssler;S. Sciutto;M. Scuderi;A. Segreto;D. Semikoz;M. Settimo;R. Shellard;I. Sidelnik;B. B. Siffert-B.;G. Sigl;N. S. De Grande;A. Śmiałkowski;R. Šmída;A. Smith;B. Smith;G. Snow;P. Sokolsky;P. Sommers;J. Sorokin;H. Spinka;R. Squartini;E. Strazzeri;A. Stutz;F. Suarez;T. Suomijärvi;A. Supanitsky;M. Sutherland;J. Swain;Z. Szadkowski;J. Takahashi;A. Tamashiro;A. Tamburro;O. Tascau;R. Tcaciuc;D. Thomas;R. Ticona;J. Tiffenberg;C. Timmermans;W. Tkaczyk;C. J. Todero Peixoto;B. Tomé;A. Tonachini;D. Torresi;P. Trávníček;A. Tripathi;G. Tristram;D. Tscherniakhovski;M. Tueros;V. Tunnicliffe;R. Ulrich;M. Unger;M. Urban;J. F. Valdés Galicia;I. Valiño;L. Valore;A. M. van den Berg;V. Van Elewyck;R. Vazquez;D. Veberič;A. Veiga;A. Velarde;T. Venters;V. Verzi;M. Videla;L. Villaseñor;S. Vorobiov;L. Voyvodic;H. Wahlberg;O. Wainberg;T. Waldenmaier;P. Walker;D. Warner;A. Watson;S. Westerhoff;G. Wieczorek;L. Wiencke;B. Wilczynska;H. Wilczynski;C. Wileman;M. G. Winnick;H. Wu;B. Wundheiler;J. Xu;T. Yamamoto;P. Younk;E. Zas;D. Zavrtanik;M. Zavrtanik;A. Zech;A. Zepeda;M. Ziolkowski;B. Kégl