Physiological importance of polyamines
Physiological importance of polyamines
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DOI：
10.1017/s0967199417000120
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Bazer, Fuller W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lenis, Yasser Y.;Elmetwally, Mohammed A.;Bazer, Fuller W.
多胺是含有两个或更多个氨基（-NH3+）的聚阳离子分子，并且存在于所有真核和原核细胞中。多胺是由精氨酸、鸟氨酸和脯氨酸以及作为甲基供体的甲硫氨酸合成的。在多胺合成的传统途径中，腐胺酶将精氨酸转化为鸟氨酸，其被鸟氨酸脱羧酶（ODC 1）脱羧以产生腐胺。后者转化为亚精胺和精胺。最近的研究表明，在动物细胞中，精氨酸和脯氨酸生成腐胺存在“非经典途径”。具体地，精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）催化精氨酸转化为胍丁胺，胍丁胺被胍丁胺酶（AGMAT）水解以形成腐胺。此外，脯氨酸被脯氨酸氧化酶氧化以产生吡咯啉-5-羧酸，其与谷氨酸进行转氨作用以产生鸟氨酸用于通过ODC 1脱羧。细胞内多胺的产生是由与ODC 1结合并使其失活的抗酶控制的。多胺发挥的作用包括刺激细胞分裂和增殖、细胞存活的基因表达、DNA和蛋白质合成、细胞凋亡的调节、氧化应激、血管生成和细胞-细胞通讯活性。因此，多胺对于哺乳动物的早期胚胎发育和成功的妊娠结果是必不可少的。本文综述了多胺的历史、结构、分子途径及其在血管生成和生殖生理中的作用。
Polyamines are polycationic molecules that contain two or more amino groups (-NH3+) and are present in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Polyamines are synthesized from arginine, ornithine, and proline, and from methionine as the methyl-group donor. In the traditional pathway for polyamine synthesis, arginase converts arginine into ornithine, which is decarboxylated by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) to generate putrescine. The latter is converted to spermidine and spermine. Recent studies have indicated the existence of 'non-classical pathways' for the generation of putrescine from arginine and proline in animal cells. Specifically, arginine decarboxylase (ADC) catalyzes the conversion of arginine into agmatine, which is hydrolyzed by agmatinase (AGMAT) to form putrescine. Additionally, proline is oxidized by proline oxidase to yield pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which undergoes transamination with glutamate to produce ornithine for decarboxylation by ODC1. Intracellular production of polyamines is controlled by antizymes binding to and inactivating ODC1. Polyamines exert effects that include stimulation of cell division and proliferation, gene expression for the survival of cells, DNA and protein synthesis, regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cell-cell communication activity. Accordingly, polyamines are essential for early embryonic development and successful pregnancy outcome in mammals. In this paper the main concepts on the history, structure and molecular pathways of polyamines as well as their physiological role on angiogenesis, and reproductive physiology are reviewed.