Stratum Corneum Is an Effective Barrier to TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticle Percutaneous Absorption
Stratum Corneum Is an Effective Barrier to TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticle Percutaneous Absorption
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DOI：
10.1159/000235554
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Pinheiro, T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Filipe, P.;Silva, J. N.;Pinheiro, T.
背景：人们越来越关注广泛用于防晒霜的TiO 2和ZnO涂层纳米颗粒的局部和全身副作用。目的：在真实的体内条件下，在正常和改变的皮肤中，确定分散在3种防晒制剂中的TiO2和ZnO纳米颗粒的定位和可能的皮肤渗透。研究方法：核显微镜技术提供了空间分辨的定量分析的Ti和Zn纳米粒子分布在横向冷冻切片的皮肤活检获得没有进一步的治疗。考虑到消费者的实际使用条件，尝试了含有涂覆的20 nm TiO 2纳米颗粒的测试疏水制剂和2种单独含有TiO 2或含有TiO 2与ZnO组合的商业防晒制剂，并与推荐的防晒因子测试标准条件进行了比较。方案包括开放测试。结果如下：正常人皮肤暴露于含TiO 2和ZnO的防晒剂2小时后，可检测量的这些物理阻断剂仅存在于皮肤表面和最上层角质层区域。比角质层更深的层没有TiO 2或外源性ZnO，即使在48小时暴露于防晒霜后，在遮挡下。沉积的二氧化钛和氧化锌纳米颗粒的毛囊皮脂腺毛囊的开口中也观察到，这表明一个优先的固定区域。不能检测到纳米颗粒渗透到有活力的皮肤组织中。结论：TiO2或ZnO纳米颗粒不存在或其水平太低，无法在人活表皮层的角质层下进行测试。因此，不太可能显著渗透到下面的角质形成细胞。版权所有（C）2009 S. Karger AG，巴塞尔
Background: There is increasing concern over the local and systemic side effects of TiO2 and ZnO coated nanoparticles widely used in sun blockers. Objective: To determine the localization and possible skin penetration of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles, dispersed in 3 sunscreen formulations, under realistic in vivo conditions in normal and altered skin. Methods: Nuclear microscopy techniques provided spatially resolved quantitative analysis of Ti and Zn nanoparticle distributions in transversal cryosections of skin obtained by biopsy with no further treatment. A test hydrophobic formulation containing coated 20-nm TiO2 nanoparticles and 2 commercial sunscreen formulations containing TiO2 alone or in combination with ZnO were tried, taking into account realistic use conditions by consumers and compared with the recommended standard condition for the sun protection factor test. The protocols consisted of an open test. Results: Following a 2-hour exposure period of normal human skin to TiO2- and ZnO-containing sunscreens, detectable amounts of these physical blockers were only present at the skin surface and in the uppermost stratum corneum regions. Layers deeper than the stratum corneum were devoid of TiO2 or exogenous ZnO, even after 48 h of exposure to the sunscreen, under occlusion. Deposition of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles in the openings of the pilosebaceous follicles was also observed, suggesting a preferential fixation area. Penetration of nanoparticles into viable skin tissue could not be detected. Conclusions: TiO2 or ZnO nanoparticles are absent or their levels are too low to be tested under the stratum corneum in human viable epidermal layers. Therefore, significant penetration towards the underlying keratinocytes is unlikely. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel