Endangered languages: On endangered languages and the safeguarding of diversity
Endangered languages: On endangered languages and the safeguarding of diversity
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濒危语言：论濒危语言和保护多样性
DOI：
10.1353/lan.1992.0052
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
K. Hale
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Hale
据我所知，根据近代早期和当代的狩猎采集和流动农业民族的模式，在人类历史的大部分时间里，即在大国和帝国发展之前的时期，语言丧失的过程伴随着多语言环境下、地理上有限的地区和相当小的社区之间的语法融合时期——例如，在阿纳姆地和阿纳姆地的部分地区。 澳大利亚约克角半岛以及中美洲的双语苏姆和米斯基图社区。相比之下，现代时期的语言丧失在其范围和含义上都具有不同的特征。它是文化和知识多样性丧失的更大过程的一部分，在这个过程中，政治上占主导地位的语言和文化完全压倒了土著的地方语言和文化，使它们处于只能被描述为四面楚歌的境地。这一过程与动物和植物世界多样性的同时丧失不无关系。生态学的类比并非完全不恰当。我们在某种程度上了解地球上生物多样性丧失所固有的危险。这是正确的（编者注：1989 年 11 月，作为与 Colette Craig 和 Ken Hale 讨论的结果，我请他们以及 LaVerne Masayesva Jeanne 和 Nora England 考虑撰写有关“负责任的语言学”主题的短文，以便在《语言》杂志上发表。由于该主题与 Hale 组织的 1991 年 LSA 濒危语言研讨会的主题密切相关，因此 研讨会还邀请了迈克尔·克劳斯（Michael Krauss）、露西尔·沃塔霍米吉（Lucille Watahomigie）和山本晃（Akira Yamamoto）为这里展示的藏品做出贡献。这些文章传达的信息是紧迫而重要的；我敦促所有语言学家仔细研究它们。肯·黑尔 (Ken Hale) 收集并编辑了整套论文，他值得业界对他开展这个项目表示感谢。） * 我谨向我的合著者表示感谢，感谢他们的贡献 对该收藏和该领域的贡献；感谢玛丽莲·古德里奇 (Marilyn Goodrich) 帮助准备手稿；尤其是与我一起工作过的许多讲濒危语言的人。
From what I have been able to learn, based on the model of early-modern and contemporary hunting and gathering and mobile agricultural peoples, the process of language loss throughout most of human history, i.e. the period prior to the development of large states and empires, has been attended by a period of grammatical merger in situations of multilingualism, in geographically con- fined areas, and among quite small communities-as, for example, in parts of Arnhem Land and Cape York Peninsula, Australia, and in the bilingual Sumu and Miskitu communities of Central America. By contrast, language loss in the modern period is of a different character, in its extent and in its implications. It is part of a much larger process of LOSS OF CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY in which politically dominant languages and cultures simply over- whelm indigenous local languages and cultures, placing them in a condition which can only be described as embattled. The process is not unrelated to the simultaneous loss of diversity in the zoological and botanical worlds. An eco- logical analogy is not altogether inappropriate. We understand to some extent the dangers inherent in the loss of biological diversity on this earth. It is correct t (Editor's note: In November 1989, as an outgrowth of discussions with Colette Craig and Ken Hale, I asked them as well as LaVerne Masayesva Jeanne and Nora England to consider writing brief essays on the topic of 'responsible linguistics' for publication in Language. Since this theme is closely related to the topic of the 1991 LSA Endangered Languages symposium organized by Hale, other speakers at the symposium were also invited to contribute to the collection presented here-namely, Michael Krauss and Lucille Watahomigie & Akira Yamamoto. The message of these essays is urgent and vital; I urge all linguists to study them carefully. Ken Hale collected and edited the entire set of essays, and he deserves the profession's gratitude for carrying out this project.) * I wish to express my gratitude to my co-authors for their contributions to this collection and to the field; to Marilyn Goodrich for her help in preparing the manuscript; and, especially, to the many speakers of endangered languages with whom I have worked.