First whiffs of atmospheric oxygen triggered onset of crustal gold cycle

First whiffs of atmospheric oxygen triggered onset of crustal gold cycle
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大气中的第一缕氧气引发了地壳黄金循环的开始

DOI:
10.1007/s00126-014-0574-8
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发表时间:
2015
影响因子:
4.8
通讯作者:
Hennigh
Hennigh
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Frimmel;Hennigh

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长期以来,缺乏合适的金矿源一直被认为是反对对资源极其丰富的威特沃特斯兰德金矿省进行古砂矿模型的主要论据。通过比较世界范围内的 Witwatersrand 型矿床/矿点(年龄范围为 3.1 至 1.8 Ga),我们提出大陆地壳中金的主要富集是中太古代大气和生物演化的结果。太古代陆地表面的高金通量(比今天大几个数量级)是中太古代大气和水圈化学作用的结果。当早期生命在 3.0 Ga 左右逐渐从厌氧无氧光合作用转变为有氧光合作用时,在整体还原气氛下光合作用产生的第一股游离氧为溶解在大气和浅海水中巨大水库中的金提供了理想的陷阱。金在产生氧气的微生物(可能是蓝细菌)表面的氧化沉淀可以在大面积上固定大量的金。一些微生物介导的金仍然保存在薄干酪根层(“碳层”)中,这些干酪根层通常在 2.9 Ga 左右的近岸环境中的侵蚀不整合面、冲刷面和层理面上发育。这种金为非常丰富的砂矿床提供了主要来源,这些砂矿床是通过随后风蚀收缩表面上脆弱的微生物垫的沉积改造而形成的,形成河流河道和三角洲沉积物,以中古至新太古宙为代表。含金砾岩。造山过程对这些第一批富金沉积物的构造改造解释了造山型金形成的时间高峰在大约 2.7 至 2.4 Ga。随着时间的推移,富含金的太古代沉积物逐渐被侵蚀、覆盖或构造改造,它们作为较年轻砂矿沉积物潜在来源的作用逐渐减弱。这解释了为什么小于 2.4 Ga 的 Witwatersrand 型矿床非常罕见,且资源丰富,并且在 1.8 Ga 之后的岩石记录中实际上消失了。
Lack of a suitable gold source has long been regarded as a major argument against a palaeoplacer model for the exceptionally well-endowed Witwatersrand gold province. By comparing worldwide Witwatersrand-type deposits/occurrences, ranging in age from 3.1 to 1.8 Ga, we propose that the primary concentration of gold in the continental crust resulted from atmospheric and biological evolution in the Mesoarchaean. A high Au flux off the Archaean land surface (orders of magnitude greater than today’s) was a consequence of the chemistry of the Mesoarchaean atmosphere and hydrosphere. When early life gradually changed from anaerobic anoxygenic to oxygenic photosynthesizers at around 3.0 Ga, the first ‘whiffs’ of free oxygen produced by photosynthesis under an overall reducing atmosphere provided the ideal trap for Au dissolved in the huge reservoir in meteoric and shallow sea water. Oxidative precipitation of gold on the surface of the O2-producing microbes, probably cyanobacteria, could fix huge amounts of gold over large areas. Some of this microbially mediated gold is still preserved in thin kerogen layers ("carbon seams") that typically developed on erosional unconformities, scour surfaces and bedding planes in near-shore environments at around 2.9 Ga. This gold provided the principal source for the very rich placer deposits that formed by the subsequent sedimentary reworking of the delicate microbial mats on aeolian deflation surfaces, into fluvial channels and delta deposits, represented by Meso- to Neoarchaean auriferous conglomerates. Tectonic reworking of these first gold-rich sediments by orogenic processes explains the temporal peak of orogenic-type gold formation at around 2.7 to 2.4 Ga. With time, the strongly gold-enriched Archaean sediments became progressively eroded, covered or tectonically reworked, and their role as potential source of younger placer deposits diminished. This explains why Witwatersrand-type deposits younger than 2.4 Ga are rare and far less well-endowed and effectively missing in the rock record after 1.8 Ga.
南非 Witwatersrand 盆地碳氢化合物的盆地内部衍生:来自本体和分子 δ13C 数据的证据
DOI: --
发表时间: 2001
期刊:
影响因子: --
作者:
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通讯作者: H. Frimmel
巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州 Quadrilátero Ferráfero 的 Ouro Fino 类似 Witwatersrand 金矿的金电气石组合:金的成分和成矿意义
DOI: 10.1127/0077-7757/2012/0223
发表时间: 2012
影响因子: 0.5
作者:
Koglin;Cabral;Brunetto;Vymazalová
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DOI: --
发表时间: 1999
期刊:
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威特沃特斯兰德系统前寒武纪碳质的碳同位素组成
DOI: --
发表时间: 1967
期刊: Science
影响因子: 56.9
作者:
J. Hoefs;M. Schidlowski
通讯作者: M. Schidlowski
DOI: --
发表时间: 1990
期刊:
影响因子: --
作者:
L. Robb;F. Meyer
通讯作者: F. Meyer