Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/nrdp.2016.76
复制
发表时间：
2016-10-27
影响因子：
81.5
通讯作者：
Raviglione, Mario
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pai, Madhukar;Behr, Marcel A.;Raviglione, Mario
结核病（TB）是一种由结核分支杆菌复合体引起的空气传播传染病。M.肺结核几乎可以引起身体任何部位的疾病。杆菌感染结核病可以从宿主体内的遏制（其中细菌被隔离在肉芽肿内（潜伏性结核病感染））演变为传染性状态，其中患者将表现出包括咳嗽、发烧、盗汗和体重减轻的症状。只有活动性肺结核具有传染性。在许多低收入和中等收入国家，结核病仍然是发病率和死亡率的主要原因，耐药结核病是许多情况下的一个主要问题。虽然已经开发了几种新的结核病诊断方法，包括快速分子检测，但仍需要更简单的即时检测。治疗通常需要延长多种抗菌药物的疗程，从而刺激开发更短的药物方案的努力。虽然卡介苗（BCG）疫苗在世界范围内使用，主要用于预防婴幼儿中危及生命的结核病，但它在控制全球结核病流行方面一直无效。因此，正在努力开发具有改进功效的新疫苗。到2035年结束全球结核病流行需要新的工具以及改进的项目实施和融资。
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Although primarily a pulmonary pathogen, M. tuberculosis can cause disease in almost any part of the body. Infection with M. tuberculosis can evolve from containment in the host, in which the bacteria are isolated within granulomas (latent TB infection), to a contagious state, in which the patient will show symptoms that can include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Only active pulmonary TB is contagious. In many low-income and middle-income countries, TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and drug-resistant TB is a major concern in many settings. Although several new TB diagnostics have been developed, including rapid molecular tests, there is a need for simpler point-of-care tests. Treatment usually requires a prolonged course of multiple antimicrobials, stimulating efforts to develop shorter drug regimens. Although the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is used worldwide, mainly to prevent life-threatening TB in infants and young children, it has been ineffective in controlling the global TB epidemic. Thus, efforts are underway to develop newer vaccines with improved efficacy. New tools as well as improved programme implementation and financing are necessary to end the global TB epidemic by 2035.