The regulation of egg yolk protein synthesis by steroid hormones.
The regulation of egg yolk protein synthesis by steroid hormones.
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DOI：
10.1016/0079-6107(74)90017-0
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发表时间：
1974-01-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Clemens, M J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clemens, M J
在我们目前对发育和分化生物学的理解中，一个重要的问题是基因表达调控所起的作用。生物体中的所有体细胞都含有相同的信息潜力（以DNA的形式），但不同细胞类型中的功能谱显然差异很大。解决这个问题的一种方法是刺激细胞表达它通常不具有的功能，然后检查这种反应的机制。对特定蛋白质合成的激素控制的研究是这种方法的一个例子，该方法已被证明在产生有关基因表达的信息方面非常富有成效，并且许多系统已被用于此目的。直到最近才得到广泛注意的一个问题是这次审查的主题。卵生脊椎动物卵黄蛋白合成的调节是激素控制分化细胞特异性产物合成的一个很好的例子。这一过程受雌激素的影响，因此通常不会发生在男性身上。然而，外源性雌激素的施用导致雄性和雌性都产生大量的卵黄蛋白，并且诱导代表这些分子的从头合成。合成只发生在肝脏，一个容易接受生物化学和形态学研究的器官。将要描述的大部分工作涉及家鸡（Callus gallus）和南非蛙非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）的卵黄发生（卵黄蛋白生产），也涉及爬行动物、鱼类和昆虫。而不是给一个全面的目录，每一个文件写的，我集中在描述的工作最相关的理解监管机制和不可避免的一些方面，这一领域将只简要考虑。参考文献包括1973年8月之前出版的作品。审查的内容经过编排，主要对管理机制感兴趣的读者可从第四节开始阅读。然而，第二节和第三节描述了蛋黄蛋白的结构、生物合成和利用的一些方面，这对于更深入地理解后面的章节是必要的。最后，我提出了一个推测性的卵黄发生调节模型，部分是基于已知的事实，部分是基于与受类固醇激素控制的其他组织的类比。
An important problem in our current understanding of the biology of development and differentiation is the role played by the regulation of gene expression. All somatic cells in an organism contain the same information potential (in the form of DNA), but the spectrum of functions seen in different cell types clearly varies very extensively. One approach to this problem is to provoke a cell to express a function which it normally does not have and then to examine the mechanisms underlying this response. A study of the hormonal control of synthesis of specific proteins is an example of this approach which has proved very fruitful in yielding information concerning gene expression, and numerous systems have been utilized for this purpose. One which has not received very widespread attention until recently is the subject of this review. The regulation of egg yolk protein synthesis in oviparous vertebrates is a good example of hormonal control of the synthesis of differentiated cell-specific products. The process is under the influence of oestrogens and hence does not normally occur in males. However, administration of exogenous oestrogens causes both males and females to produce the yolk proteins in large amounts and the induction represents de novo synthesis of these molecules. Synthesis occurs exclusively in the liver, an organ readily amenable to biochemical and morphological study. The greater part of the work to be described concerns vitellogenesis (yolk protein production) in the domestic chicken (Callus gallus) and the South African frog Xenopus laevis, with some reference also to reptiles, fish and insects. Rather than giving a comprehensive catalogue of every paper written, I have concentrated on describing the work most relevant to an understanding of regulatory mechanisms and inevitably some aspects of this field will be only briefly considered. References given include work published up to August 1973. The contents of the review have been organized so that readers interested primarily in regulatory mechanisms may start at section IV. However, sections II and III describe some aspects of the structure, biosynthesis and utilization of the egg yolk proteins which are necessary for a deeper understanding of the later sections. Finally, I have presented a speculative model for the regulation of vitellogenesis, based partly on the known facts and partly on analogies with other tissues which are subject to control by steroid hormones.