Wilderness Protection in Europe: The Role of International, European and National Law
Wilderness Protection in Europe: The Role of International, European and National Law
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欧洲的荒野保护：国际、欧洲和国家法律的作用
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
I. Bouwma
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
I. Bouwma
尽管有副标题，这本书涵盖了更广泛的跨度与荒野有关的问题，而不仅仅是法律的方面的问题。主要的问题是在欧洲范围内的荒野的含义，考虑到人类定居的悠久历史，以及国际，欧洲和国内法律的作用是什么，或可能是，在保护荒野地区。在此基础上，本书就进一步制定立法以加强欧洲荒野地区的保护提出了建议。根据这本书，荒野地区的出现受到高海拔和高纬度的强烈影响。因此，许多荒野地区位于山区，包括阿尔卑斯山，比利牛斯山，苏格兰高地和喀尔巴阡山脉。这本书有两个特别的优点。首先，它是非常一致的，因为它为所有章节制定了一个通用的参考框架，基于荒野的工作定义。这意味着最后一章在前几章工作的基础上得出综合结论。这使本书区别于其他许多仅仅由（国际）国家案例汇编组成的书。其次，虽然工作定义主要基于三个特征（自然性、未开发性和相对较大的面积）将荒野确定为物理“真实”的地方，但它也适当注意到荒野作为一个与历史、文化和人们的社会价值观紧密交织在一起的主观概念。这本书从介绍性的部分开始，包括荒野概念的历史回顾;荒野的现有定义;欧洲荒野地区的位置;以及荒野的生态，社会和经济价值。下一节重点介绍国际立法，描述五个立法框架对保护欧洲荒野的贡献。这些公约包括专门针对欧洲山脉的两项公约-阿尔卑斯山脉和喀尔巴阡山脉-以及《世界遗产公约》、《伯尔尼公约》和欧洲委员会的《鸟类和鸟类指令》。第三部分包括奥地利、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、匈牙利、冰岛、挪威、波兰、俄罗斯、西班牙、瑞典和联合王国等12个国家的情况说明。这些提供了更深入的见解如何荒野的概念已经在不同的国家发展，以及在何种程度上，目前的立法框架包括荒野的概念或提供保护的“荒野”地区。国家的几个章节通过提供有关批准影响特定地区荒野质量的项目和计划的案例法示例，解决了荒野地区立法的实施和执行问题。本书的结论是，总体而言，荒野在大多数立法中很少受到关注，因为现有立法的主要目标是可持续发展和生物多样性保护。在大多数经过审查的国际、区域和国家立法框架中，都没有“荒野"一词。然而，具有将其界定为荒野地区的三个特征的自然地区仍然可以根据现行立法得到实质性保护。特别是，国家公园、自然保护区和zapovedniks的指定可以提供实质性的保护，确保禁止可能减少这些地区“荒野”的活动，如道路建设、风力发电场、定居点和采矿。虽然现有的政策确实对荒野地区提供了一些保护，但本书建议制定荒野保护的具体政策和立法，并应加强现有立法的执行。总之，这本书提供了一个非常全面的概述问题的荒野保护在欧洲，无论是在欧洲一级，以及为12个个别欧洲国家。它擅长引用出版的文学，立法文本，演讲和赞美荒野的歌曲。这本书唯一的缺点是它的长度：虽然它很容易阅读，在600多页，阅读它从封面到封面是一个挑战。
Despite its subtitle, this book covers a much broader span of issues related to wilderness than just the legal side of the matter. The main questions addressed are the meaning of wilderness in a European context, given the long history of human settlement, and what the role of international, European, and domestic law is, or could be, in the protection of wilderness areas. Based on this overview, the book develops recommendations on the further development of legislation to strengthen the protection of wilderness areas in Europe. The occurrence of wilderness areas, according to the book, is strongly influenced by high altitude and high latitude. Consequently, many wilderness areas are found in mountainous regions, including the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Highlands of Scotland, and the Carpathians. The book has two particular strengths. First, it is very consistent, as it develops a general reference framework for all chapters, based on a working definition of wilderness. This means that the final chapter reaches integrated conclusions, building on the work presented in the preceding chapters. This distinguishes the book from many others that consist merely of a compilation of (inter)national cases. Second, although the working definition primarily identifies wilderness as a physical ‘‘real’’ place based on three characteristics (naturalness, undevelopedness, and relatively large size), it also pays due attention to the consideration of wilderness as a subjective concept that is tightly interwoven with history, culture, and people’s social values. The book starts with an introductory section that includes a review of the history of the wilderness concept; the currently available definitions of wilderness; the location of wilderness areas in Europe; and the ecological, social, and economic values attributed to wilderness. The next section focuses on international legislation, describing the contributions of five legislative frameworks toward the protection of Europe’s wilderness. These include the two Conventions dealing specifically with European mountain ranges—the Alps and the Carpathians—as well as the World Heritage Convention, the Bern Convention, and the European Commission’s Birds and Habitats Directives. The third section comprises 12 country descriptions, from Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These offer deeper insights into how the concept of wilderness has developed in different countries and the extent to which current legislative frameworks include the notion of wilderness or provide protection for ‘‘wilderness’’ areas. Several of the country chapters address the issue of implementation and enforcement of legislation for wilderness areas by providing case law examples dealing with the approval of projects and plans that influence the wilderness quality of specific areas. The book concludes that, overall, wilderness has received little attention in most legislation, as the leading objectives of existing legislation are sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. The term ‘‘wilderness’’ is absent from the majority of the reviewed international, regional, and national legislative frameworks. However, natural areas with the three characteristics that define them as wilderness areas may nonetheless receive substantial protection under existing legislation. In particular, the designation of national parks, natural reserves, and zapovedniks may provide substantial protection by ensuring the prohibition of activities that might reduce these areas’ ‘‘wildness,’’ such as road construction, wind farms, settlements, and mining. Although the existing policies do provide some protection of wilderness areas, the book recommends the development of specific policies and legislation for wilderness protection and that the implementation of existing legislation should be strengthened. In short, the book provides a very comprehensive overview of the issue of wilderness protection in Europe, both at the European level as well as for 12 individual European countries. It excels in the number of references to published literature, legislative texts, speeches, and songs praising wilderness. The only downside of the book is its length: although it is easy to read, at more than 600 pages, reading it from cover to cover is a challenge.