Personality, plasticity and predation: linking endocrine and behavioural reaction norms in stickleback fish
Personality, plasticity and predation: linking endocrine and behavioural reaction norms in stickleback fish
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.12400
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发表时间：
2015-07-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
King, Andrew J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fuertbauer, Ines;Pond, Alice;King, Andrew J.
捕食在进化过程中发挥着重要作用，推动猎物形态、生理和行为的变化。随着生物体越来越多地暴露于快速的环境变化，有越来越多的兴趣，了解个体的表型可塑性，以应对捕食压力的变化。捕食者暴露的行为和生理反应是特别感兴趣的捕食压力的差异往往反映在相关套件的行为和激素配置文件在人群中。在人群中，内分泌概况和行为之间的联系了解较少，往往缺乏。采用反应规范的方法和重复措施的设计，我们评估了内分泌和行为的三刺鱼（Gasterosteus aculeatus）的感知捕食风险的变化的人口内的影响。我们反复将受试者暴露在机器人模型捕食者面前，并评估他们的行为反应。鱼表现出一致的行为特征，不太活跃和害羞时，捕食风险较高。使用非侵入性水性激素分析，我们评估了基础皮质醇以及皮质醇对捕食风险变化的反应。暴露于模型捕食者后，个体的皮质醇水平显着升高。个体捕食者暴露后皮质醇是可重复的，但与行为反应无关。考虑到受试者之间和受试者内部的影响，我们发现基础皮质醇和害羞在个体内部呈正相关，也就是说，个体在皮质醇水平较高的日子里总体上更害羞。我们还测试了基础睾酮是否能预测危险行为，但没有发现支持这一假设的证据。没有发现个体差异的激素或行为反应的变化，捕食风险，这表明，个人不受他们的个性在他们的能力，以科普潜在的有害威胁。总的来说，我们表明，不同性格的个体在应对捕食压力的变化时同样灵活。我们的研究为激素和行为的一致个体差异和可塑性以及它们在人群中的相互作用提供了新的见解。未来的研究应评估这些发现对环境其他变化的适用性，以及社会背景对内分泌和行为反应规范的影响。
Predation plays a fundamental role in evolutionary processes, driving changes in prey morphology, physiology and behaviour. With organisms being increasingly exposed to rapid environmental changes, there is growing interest in understanding individual phenotypic plasticity in response to changes in predation pressure. Behavioural and physiological responses to predator exposure are of particular interest as differences in predation pressure are often reflected in correlated suites of behavioural and hormonal profiles across populations. Within populations, the association between endocrine profiles and behaviour is less understood and often lacking. Adopting a reaction norm approach and a repeated measures design, we assessed within-population effects of changes in perceived predation risk on endocrinology and behaviour in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We repeatedly exposed subjects to a robotic model predator and assessed their behavioural response. The fish showed consistent behavioural profiles and were less active and shyer when predation risk was higher. Using non-invasive waterborne hormone analysis, we assessed basal cortisol as well as the cortisol response to changes in predation risk. Individuals showed significantly higher cortisol levels following exposure to the model predator. Individual post-predator exposure cortisol was repeatable but unrelated to behavioural responses. Accounting for between versus within-subject effects, we found that basal cortisol and shyness were positively related within individuals, that is individuals overall were shyer on days they had higher cortisol levels. We also tested if basal testosterone predicted risky behaviour and found no evidence for this hypothesis. No individual differences in hormonal or behavioural responses to changes in predation risk were found, suggesting that individuals are not constrained by their personalities in their ability to cope with a potentially harmful threat. Overall, we show that individuals of different personalities are equally flexible' in their response to changes in predation pressure. Our study offers novel insight into consistent individual differences and plasticity in hormones and behaviour as well as their interplay within populations. Future studies should assess the applicability of these findings to other changes in the environment, as well as the effects of social context on endocrine and behavioural reaction norms.