Biology Of Microdon fuscipennis (Diptera, Syrphidae) With Interpretations Of The Reproductive Strategies Of Microdon Species Found North Of Mexico
Biology Of Microdon fuscipennis (Diptera, Syrphidae) With Interpretations Of The Reproductive Strategies Of Microdon Species Found North Of Mexico
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墨西哥北部小齿鲨（双翅目，食虫科）的生物学以及墨西哥北部发现的小齿鲨物种的繁殖策略的解释
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发表时间：
1981
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通讯作者：
R. Duffield
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作者：
R. Duffield
- 从长角蚁Iridomyrmex pruinosus（Roger）的巢中收集和/或饲养了296只灰翅微齿蚁的成虫、幼虫和蛹。观察了M.蚁巢中的褐翅蚁、性比（1：1）、成虫羽化、交配、产卵数（x = 63）、幼虫从卵中羽化和捕食（三龄蝇幼虫经常吃蚂蚁幼虫）。小齿藓属的繁殖策略为：1）专化策略--单一寄主物种; 2）通化策略--多寄主物种。在墨西哥北部发现的Microdon的物种和它们的蚂蚁协会被列出，并用于预测每个苍蝇物种的繁殖策略。小齿象是一种不寻常的果蝇。幼虫和蛹呈圆形，在蚁巢中发育。幼虫表现出缓慢的、鼻涕虫样的运动，这一特征最初使它们被描述为软体动物或球虫（惠勒，1908）。成年后，小齿象并不表现出典型的蚜虫行为。它们不像大多数蚜虫那样盘旋或访问花朵，而是在它们出现的蚁群附近度过它们的成年生活。在所有的动物地理区域中，已知有超过350种的微齿兽。物种的多样性在热带地区最大（特别是新热带地区，有174种），向两极迅速减少。在新大陆最北和最南的记录是来自育空地区（62° 41 'N）的Microdon albicomatus Novak和来自智利（37°47'S）的Microdon violaceus（Macquart）。小齿象被认为是原始的，因为它们代表了包括所有其他科类的分支上的第一个分支（Thompson，1969，1972）。微齿兽的系统发育位置和生物学特性明确支持将其视为一个独立的科（Thompson，1969，1972）。然而，出于实用的原因，小齿象被作为食蚜蝇科的一个异常亚科保留下来。早期关于小齿象的综述（惠勒，1901，1908;多尼斯索普，1927）第83卷，编号4 717，主要是描述性的，推测幼虫和它们的宿主之间的行为相互作用。Andries（1912）首先提供了关于小齿象生命周期的定量数据，以及对幼虫、蛹和成虫的详细描述。格林（1955）补充了一些微齿蚁的相关信息，并描述了幼虫和蛹的形式。最近，Jordan（1968）、货车Pelt和货车Pelt（1972）提供了更多的生物学数据（见表3）。Akre等人（1973）测定了两种颜色变形的M的性别比、大小测量、每只雌性产卵的数量以及每个菌落的幼虫和蛹的数量。xanthopilis汤森（报道为cothurnatus），为今后对其他微齿象物种的比较研究奠定了良好的基础。小齿象的生物学特征并不统一。Akre等人（1973年）仅描述了一年一代。Microdon fuscipennis（Macquart）至少有两个。Akre等人（1973）也指出，小齿象以第三龄幼虫越冬，但这些数据表明，这对褐翅目昆虫来说是不正确的。还存在其他未解决的问题。小齿象的卵是产在蚁穴里还是幼虫会移到那里？小齿象幼虫吃蚂蚁幼虫和蛹吗？这些问题是关于M.在长角蚁Iridomyrmex pruinosus（Roger）的巢穴中发育的褐翅蚁。两种替代的行为策略Microdon苍蝇描述。表2列出了在墨西哥以北的美洲发现的微齿兽的种类及其已知的宿主，并预测了它们的繁殖策略。材料和方法收集。主要是在春季和夏季在格鲁吉亚的雅典附近，从Iridomyrmex pruinosus的巢中采集的。蚂蚁窝是用小刀挖出来的。将褐翅微齿藓幼虫和蛹置于塑料易拉罐小瓶中进行运输。整个蚁群也被运回实验室。实验室饲养。苍蝇幼虫被饲养在塑料蚁巢中，暴露在自然光下，并与在野外挖掘的蚁群一起放养。蚂蚁靠蜂蜜和粉虫维持生活。水是通过巢内的棉花塞来供应的。在观察到小齿蚁幼虫吃幼蚁幼虫后，每周向蚁群中添加额外的蚁幼虫。当小齿象幼虫生长和化蛹时，将蛹取出并置于小瓶中。每个小瓶里都放了一根木棍，让成年的青少年有一个可以伸展翅膀的高处。所有活材料保持在27°C。当成虫出现时，将蛹壳从饲养瓶中取出并放入胶囊中。当一只成虫死亡时，它和蛹壳一起被沿着。718华盛顿昆虫学会会议录表1.英文名称Microdon fuscipennis标准平均偏差n M的数量。褐翅目幼虫，蛹率3.45 3.75 84 /. pruinosus菌落每只雌虫产卵数63.5 18.9 15
—Two hundred and ninety six adults, larvae, and pupae of Microdon fuscipennis were collected and/or reared from nests of the dolichoderine ant, Iridomyrmex pruinosus (Roger). Observations are made on the distribution of M. fuscipennis in the ant nests, sex ratio (1:1), adult emergence, mating, number of eggs laid (x = 63), larval emergence from the egg, and predation (third-instar fly larvae frequently eat ant larvae). Reproductive strategies for the genus Microdon are: 1) specialist strategy—one host species; and 2) generalist strategy—multiple host species. The species of Microdon found north of Mexico and their ant-associations are listed and used to predict the reproductive strategy of each fly species. Microdons are unusual syrphid flies. The larvae and pupae are domeshaped and develop in ant nests. The larvae exhibit slow, sluglike movements, a characteristic which originally caused them to be described as mollusks or coccids (Wheeler, 1908). As adults, microdons do not show typical syrphid behavior. They do not hover or visit flowers as most syrphids but spend their adult lives close to the ant colonies from which they emerged. More than 350 species of Microdon are known from all zoogeographic regions. The diversity, greatest in the tropics (especially the Neotropics, 174 species), tapers off rapidly towards the poles. The northernand southernmost records for microdons in the New World are Microdon albicomatus Novak from the Yukon (62°41'N) and Microdon violaceus (Macquart) from Chile (37°47'S). Microdons are considered primitive because they represent the first offshoot on the branch which includes all other syrphids (Thompson, 1969, 1972). The phylogenetic position and biologic distinctiveness of microdons clearly support the recognition of the group as a separate family (Thompson, 1969, 1972). For pragmatic reasons, however, microdons are left as an aberrant subfamily of the Syrphidae. Early reviews on microdons (Wheeler, 1901, 1908; Donisthorpe, 1927) VOLUME 83, NUMBER 4 717 were primarily descriptive, speculating on behavioral interactions between the larvae and their hosts. Andries (1912) first provided quantitative data on the life cycle of microdons as well as detailed descriptions of larvae, pupae, and adults. Greene (1955) added information on a number of Microdon-ant associations and described larval and pupal forms. More recently, Jordan (1968), and van Pelt and van Pelt (1972) contributed additional biological data (see Table 3). Akre et al. (1973) determined the sex ratio, size measurements, number of eggs laid per female, and the number of larvae and pupae per colony for two color morphs of M. xanthopilis Townsend (reported as cothurnatus), forming a sound basis for future comparative work on other Microdon species. The biology of microdons is not uniform. Akre et al. (1973) described only one generation per year. Microdon fuscipennis (Macquart) has at least two. Akre et al. (1973) also stated that microdons overwinter as third larval instars, yet these data indicate that this is not true for fuscipennis. Other unresolved questions exist. Are the microdon eggs laid in the ant nest or do the larvae move there? Do the microdon larvae eat the ant larvae and pupae? These questions are discussed with respect to M. fuscipennis which develops in the nests of the dolichoderine ant, Iridomyrmex pruinosus (Roger). Two alternative behavioral strategies for Microdon flies are described. Table 2 lists the species of Microdon found in America north of Mexico and their known hosts and predicts their reproductive strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection.—Microdon fuscipennis was collected primarily during the spring and summer near Athens, Georgia, from nests of Iridomyrmex pruinosus. Ant nests were excavated with a pen knife. Microdon fuscipennis larvae and pupae were placed in plastic pop-top vials for transport. Entire ant colonies were also transported back to the laboratory. Laboratory rearing.—The fly larvae were reared in plastic ant nests, exposed to natural daylight, and stocked with ant colonies dug in the field. The ants were maintained on honey and mealworms. Water was supplied by means of cotton plugs inside the nests. After the microdon larvae were observed eating the young ant larvae, additional ant larvae were added weekly to the colonies. As the microdon larvae grew and pupated, the pupae were removed and placed in vials. A wooden stick was placed in each vial allowing the teneral adults an elevated surface from which they could expand their wings. All live material was kept at 27°C. As the adults emerged, the pupal cases were removed from the rearing vials and placed in capsules. When an adult died, it was pinned along with the pupal case. 718 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. Quantitative data on Microdon fuscipennis. Standard Mean Deviation n Number of M. fuscipennis larvae, pupae per 3.45 3.75 84 /. pruinosus colony Number of eggs laid per female 63.5 18.9 15