Distributive versus procedural justice in nuclear waste repository siting
Distributive versus procedural justice in nuclear waste repository siting
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核废料处置库选址中的分配正义与程序正义
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781107294905.007
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Stauffacher
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Krütli;Kjell Y. Törnblom;I. Wallimann;M. Stauffacher
当核电在 20 世纪 50 年代末引入民用时，其目的是为当前和未来的社会提供具有积极价值的资源电力。几十年后，人们发现核电站的电力生产会产生有害的核废料作为副产品。与电力相比，核废料的价值是负面的。当实施者启动选址过程和场地勘探时，出现了对潜在核废料储存库的强烈抵制。反对的原因是多方面的：不适当的自上而下的决策程序（例如Rosa and Clark 1999）；意识到放射性泄漏的高风险（例如 Slovic 1987）；特别是对实施者缺乏信任（例如Kasperson et al. 1992）；普遍反对使用核电（例如 Rosa 和 Freudenberg 1993）；违反道德规范（例如 Shrader-Frechette 2000）；价值观（例如Sjöberg 和Drottz-Sjöberg 2001）；以及所谓的邻避（Not In My BackYard）态度（例如 Kraft 和 Clary 1991）。早期，当人们意识到核废料的安全储存是一个很大的问题并且不容易解决时，正义问题就出现了。分配意义上的正义涉及关于分配或交换的特定（有形或无形、积极或消极）社会资源的公平份额的问题。重点可以放在代际和/或代内正义上，这反过来又代表了核能奸商的结果与受影响的子孙后代之间的不匹配（Shrader-Frechette 1980；Kasperson 1983；KASAM 1988），以及奸商与部分当代人的结果之间的不匹配。直到 20 世纪 90 年代，程序正义问题大多被忽视，当时负责任的机构开始意识到，开放、透明、逐步和参与性的过程是在寻找地质合适地点方面取得进展不可或缺的先决条件（例如国家研究委员会）
When civil use of nuclear power was introduced in the late 1950s, it was meant to provide current and future societies with positively valued resource electricity. Decades later it was evident that electricity production in nuclear power plants produced harmful nuclear waste as a by-product. In contrast to electricity, nuclear waste is negatively valued. Strong resistance against potential repositories for nuclear waste emerged when implementers initiated site selection processes and site exploration. The reasons for opposition were manifold: inappropriate top-down decision-making procedures (eg Rosa and Clark 1999); perceived high risks of radioactive leakage (eg Slovic 1987); lack of trust in implementers in particular (eg Kasperson et al. 1992); fundamental opposition to the use of nuclear power in general (eg Rosa and Freudenberg 1993); violation of ethical norms (eg Shrader-Frechette 2000); values (eg Sjöberg and Drottz-Sjöberg 2001); and the so-called NIMBY (Not In My BackYard) attitude (eg Kraft and Clary 1991). Justice issues emerged during the early stages when people realized that safe storage of nuclear waste is very problematic and cannot be easily resolved. Justice in its distributive sense concerns questions about what is a fair share of a particular (tangible or intangible, positive or negative) social resource that is allocated or exchanged. The focus can be on intergenerational and/or intragenerational justice, which, in turn, represents a mismatch between the outcomes of the profiteers of nuclear energy and the affected future generations (Shrader-Frechette 1980; Kasperson 1983; KASAM 1988), as well as between the outcomes of the profiteers and parts of the present generations. Procedural justice issues were mostly neglected until the 1990s, when responsible institutions began to realize that open-ended, transparent, stepwise, and participatory processes were indispensable prerequisites to making progress in finding geologically suitable sites (eg National Research Council