Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004
Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004
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DOI：
10.1038/jes.2008.32
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Osterloh, John D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Caldwell, Kathleen L.;Jones, Robert L.;Osterloh, John D.
目的：提供美国人口代表性样本中总砷和形态砷的水平。方法：首次对 2003-2004 年国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 参与者 (n = 2557) 的尿液中总砷以及七种无机和有机砷进行了测量。数据以总砷、二甲基胂酸、砷甜菜碱和无机相关物质总和的尿砷浓度 (μ g/l) 和肌酸酐校正尿砷 (μ g/g 肌酸酐) 的几何平均值和选定的百分位数进行编译。 结果：砷酸、亚砷酸、砷胆碱和三甲基胂 分别有 7.6%、4.6%、1.8% 和 0.3% 的参与者检测到了氧化物（检测限为 0.6-1.2 μg/l）。总人口的 35% 中检测到一甲基胂酸。对于所有年龄≥6岁的参与者，二甲基胂酸（几何平均值为3.71微克/升）和砷甜菜碱（几何平均值为1.55微克/升）对尿总砷水平的贡献最大。在尿总砷水平较高时，砷甜菜碱的贡献相对较大，在尿总砷水平较低时，二甲基胂酸的贡献相对较大。对于所有年龄 >= 6 岁的参与者，尿总砷和无机相关砷（砷酸、亚砷酸、二甲基胂酸和一甲基胂酸）总和的第 95 个百分位分别为 65.4 和 18.9 微克/升。对于总砷和二甲基胂酸，协变量调整的几何平均值显示出由于年龄、性别和种族/民族而存在的一些细微差异。结论：数据反映了美国人口中无机和海鲜相关砷暴露的相对背景贡献。砷甜菜碱和二甲基胂酸是砷甜菜碱中存在的主要砷形态，随着总砷水平的增加，它们在总砷中所占的比例越来越大。
Objective: To provide levels of total and speciated urinary arsenic in a representative sample of the US population.Methods: For the first time, total arsenic and seven inorganic and organic arsenic species were measured in the urine of participants (n = 2557) for the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data were compiled as geometric means and selected percentiles of urinary arsenic concentrations (mu g/l) and creatinine-corrected urinary arsenic (mu g/g creatinine) for total arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and a sum of the inorganic related species.Results: Arsenic acid, arsenous acid, arsenocholine, and trimethylarsine oxide were detected in 7.6%, 4.6%, 1.8%, and 0.3% of the participants, respectively (the limits of detection of 0.6-1.2 mu g/l). Monomethylarsonic acid was detected in 35% of the overall population. For all participants aged >= 6 years, dimethylarsinic acid (geometric mean of 3.71 mu g/l) and arsenobetaine (geometric mean of 1.55 mu g/l) had the greatest contribution to the total urinary arsenic levels. A relatively greater percentage contribution from arsenobetaine is seen at higher total urinary arsenic levels and from dimethylarsinic acid at lower total urinary arsenic levels. For all participants aged >= 6 years, the 95th percentiles for total urinary arsenic and the sum of inorganic-related arsenic (arsenic acid, arsenous acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and monomethylarsonic acid) were 65.4 and 18.9 mu g/l, respectively. For total arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid, covariate-adjusted geometric means demonstrated several slight differences due to age, gender, and race/ethnicity.Conclusions: The data reflect relative background contributions of inorganic and seafood-related arsenic exposures in the US population. Arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid are the major arsenic species present with arsenobetaine, accounting for a greater proportion of total arsenic as total arsenic levels increase.