EARTHQUAKES AND ROCK DEFORMATION IN CRUSTAL FAULT ZONES
EARTHQUAKES AND ROCK DEFORMATION IN CRUSTAL FAULT ZONES
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.001053
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发表时间：
1986
影响因子：
14.9
通讯作者：
R. Sibson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Sibson
地震的物理起源最终在于断层带的地质结构以及其中响应构造应力而发生的变形过程。尽管现在有可能通过深钻直接进入深度为 10 公里的大地震成核区域，但我们目前对断层结构和浅层地震源的了解主要来自各种间接源。这些包括地震学研究、断层带和地震破裂的表面研究、断层滑动模式的大地测量信息、断层带结构和流变学的地球物理约束以及从材料科学和实验岩石变形中获得的信息。断层带结构和断层岩石产物的研究提供了断层带深度变形过程的补充信息。虽然断层岩的描述在地质文献中广泛存在（例如 Spry 1969，Higgins 1971），但直到过去十年，它们才开始在不同地壳深度的地震活动断层带中普遍存在的物理条件和过程的背景下进行解释（Sibs on 1977，Watts & Williams 1979，Anderson et al11983，Wise et al 1984）。这种解释仍处于早期阶段，但断层岩的变形纹理和结构关联已被证明有可能提供有关地震断层期间剪应力水平、功率耗散和地震效率等不同主题的信息；关于流体压力水平和伴随的间歇性流体流量
The physical origin of earthquakes lies ultimately in the geological structure of fault zones and the deformation processes that occur therein in response to tectonic stress. Although the possibility now exists that the nucleation regions for large earthquakes at depths of,..., 10 km may shortly become directly accessible by deep drilling, our present knowledge of fault structure and the shallow earthquake source is derived largely from a variety of indirect sources. These include seismological studies, surface studies of fault zones and earthquake ruptures, geodetic information on modes of fault slip, ·geophysical constraints on fault zone structure and rheology, and information garnered from materials science and experi mental rock deformation. Studies of fault zone structure and the rock products of faulting provide complementary information on deformation processes at depth in fault zones. Although descriptions of fault rocks are widespread in the geological literature (e.g. Spry 1969, Higgins 1971), it is only in the past decade that they have begun to be interpreted in the context of the physical conditions and processes prevalent in seismically active fault zones at different crustal depths (Sibs on 1977, Watts & Williams 1979, Anderson et a11983, Wise et aI 1984). Such interpretations are still at an early stage, but the deformation textures and structural associations of fault rocks have already been shown to have the potential to yield information on such diverse topics as shear stress levels, power dissipation, and seismic efficiency during earthquake faulting; on fluid pressure levels and episodic fluid flow accompanying