The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium
The Genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium
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DOI：
10.1007/0-387-30744-3_10
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hertel, Christian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hammes, Walter P.;Hertel, Christian
乳酸杆菌是革兰氏阳性、无芽孢杆菌，在无血红素来源（如血液）的情况下生长时，过氧化氢酶呈阴性，通常不运动，偶尔为硝酸盐还原菌。它们利用葡萄糖发酵（Kandler和韦斯，1986 a），并且可以是同型发酵的，从葡萄糖产生超过85%的乳酸，或者是异型发酵的，以等摩尔量产生乳酸、CO2、乙醇和/或乙酸。模式种是德氏乳杆菌Leichmann 1896（Beijerinck，1901）。乳杆菌属与片球菌属一起构成乳杆菌科，目前包括80个公认的种和15个亚种。该科相对于乳酸菌（LAB）和密切相关属的系统发育位置如图1所示。对微生物生态学的兴趣增加，以及提供明确鉴定结果的敏感分类方法的可用性，使得自上一版《原核生物》以来，乳杆菌属和肉杆菌属的物种数量显著增加。有效描述的乳杆菌属菌种列于表1中，肉杆菌属菌种在单独标题下处理。表1中不包括罗格乳杆菌，因为在培养物保藏中心中没有具有原始描述的模式菌株（Kandler和韦斯，1986 a）。此外，L. catenaformis和L. vitulinus没有被包括在内，因为16 S rRNA序列分析显示这些物种与多枝梭菌密切相关，
Lactobacilli are Gram-positive, nonsporeforming rods, catalase-negative when growing without a heme source (eg, blood), usually nonmotile, and occasionally nitrate reducers. They utilize glucose fermentatively (Kandler and Weiss, 1986a) and may be either homofermentative, producing more than 85% lactic acid from glucose, or heterofermentative, producing lactic acid, CO2, ethanol, and/or acetic acid in equimolar amounts. The type species is Lactobacillus delbrueckii Leichmann 1896 (Beijerinck, 1901). The genus Lactobacillus constitutes together with the genus Pediococcus the family Lactobacillaceae and presently comprises 80 recognized species and 15 subspecies. The phylogenetic position of this family in relation to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and closely related genera is depicted in Fig. 1. The increased interest in microbial ecology and the availability of sensitive taxonomic methods delivering unambiguous identification results have created a marked increase in the number of species within the genera Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium since the previous edition of The Prokaryotes. The validly described species of the genus Lactobacillus are listed in Table 1, and those of the genus Carnobacterium are treated under a separate headline. Lactobacillus rogosae is not included in Table 1 as no type strain with the original description is available in culture collections (Kandler and Weiss, 1986a). In addition, L. catenaformis and L. vitulinus have not been included because 16S rRNA sequence analyses show that these species are closely related to Clostridium ramosum,