The Scales That Limit: The Physical Boundaries of Evolution
The Scales That Limit: The Physical Boundaries of Evolution
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2019.00242
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发表时间：
2019-08-07
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
West, Geoffrey B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kempes, Christopher P.;Koehl, M. A. R.;West, Geoffrey B.
生物体受物理定律的约束，因此，遗传变异和自然选择的进化过程受到这些基本定律的约束。生物体面临的生物物理极限的经典和最近的研究表明，基本的物理约束可以用来预测身体大小和生物力学和生理学之间的广泛关系。这些关系往往采取幂律的形式，在广泛的身体大小的生物体共享一个共同的身体计划。然而，这样的生物物理学观点并没有完全与自然选择进化的详细动力学联系起来，也没有与物种之间围绕中心尺度关系的变化联系起来。在这里，我们首先讨论了一般的生物物理进化理论需要什么，并提供了一个数学框架来构建这样一个理论。我们讨论了如何理论不仅可以预测的比例关系，而且还确定了不同物种生活在特定的生态位的权衡类型。此外，我们还讨论了生物物理进化理论的一个关键的高阶要求是如何预测渐近行为和特定身体计划的极限。我们用几个例子来说明如何占主导地位的物理约束可以用来预测一个特定的身体计划的最小和最大的身体尺寸，我们认为，这些限制的预测是必不可少的，以确定一个给定类别的生物体的主导物理约束。我们的总体框架提出，健身的一个主要部分应该是一个特定的身体计划的所有特征如何与基本的物理约束相互作用的叠加。为了说明这一概念，我们调查多个物理限制特定的性状，如昆虫的腿，并显示如何相互作用的一些性状决定的大小限制整个身体的计划，如那些维管植物。我们使用细菌作为一个例子的变化，其中生理特征和物理约束是最限制在各种生物体的大小。最后，我们解决的环境条件和生态相互作用的影响，确定生物体所面临的物理约束是最有可能影响他们的生长，生存和繁殖，因此他们的健身。我们认为这样的生态影响，我们的例子细菌，昆虫，哺乳动物和树木，我们嵌套的约束，在更广泛的进化过程的图片的角度来看。
Organisms are subject to the laws of physics, so the process of evolution by genetic variation and natural selection is constrained by these fundamental laws. Classic and recent studies of the biophysical limits facing organisms have shown how fundamental physical constraints can be used to predict broad-scale relationships between body size and organismal biomechanics and physiology. These relationships often take the form of power laws across a wide range of body sizes for organisms sharing a common body plan. However, such biophysical perspectives have not been fully connected with the detailed dynamics of evolution by natural selection, nor with the variation between species around the central scaling relationships. Here we first discuss what a general biophysical theory of evolution would require and provide a mathematical framework for constructing such a theory. We discuss how the theory can predict not only scaling relationships, but also of identifying the types of tradeoffs made by different species living in particular niches. In addition, we discuss how a key higher-order requirement of a biophysical theory of evolution is its ability to predict asymptotic behavior and the limits of a particular body plan. We use several examples to illustrate how dominant physical constraints can be used to predict the minimum and maximum body sizes for a particular body plan, and we argue that prediction of these limits is essential for identifying the dominant physical constraints for a given category of organisms. Our general framework proposes that a major portion of fitness should be the overlay of how all traits of a particular body plan interact with fundamental physical constraints. To illustrate this concept, we investigate multiple physical limits on particular traits, such as insect legs, and show how the interaction of a number of traits determines the size limits on entire body plans, such as those of vascular plants. We use bacteria as an example of the shifts in which physiological traits and physical constraints are most limiting at various organism sizes. Finally, we address the effects of environmental conditions and ecological interactions in determining which of the physical constraints faced by organisms are most likely to affect their growth, survival, and reproduction, and hence their fitness. We consider such ecological effects on our examples of bacteria, insects, mammals and trees, and we nest the constraints-perspective in the broader picture of evolutionary processes.