Cycle Dominance Among the Fraser Sockeye
Cycle Dominance Among the Fraser Sockeye
复制标题
弗雷泽红鲑中的自行车优势
作者：
W. Ricker
第一批来到现在的不列颠哥伦比亚省西南部的白色游客在弗雷泽河遇到了最奇怪的自然现象之一。在进入这条河产卵的五种太平洋鲑鱼中，最常见的是红鲑（Oncorhynchus nerka）。在平常的年份里，这些鱼是足够丰富的，但每隔四年，它们就会以令人难以置信的数量出现，大大超过其间的年份。早在原住民的记忆中，这个“大”年就以这种方式发生了，而且一直持续到1913年结束。光是这些鱼的数量就不足以让人感到惊奇，尽管这已经足够引人注目了。真正激发想象力的是大年和“小年”之间的巨大差距。这种差异的实际大小的一些想法后来变得明显。不久人们就发现，可以进行足够密集的捕鱼，建造足够多的罐头厂，以利用正常年份的相当大的一部分。然而，直到1913年，当最后一次出现主导周期时，罐头厂经营者的最大努力不足以容纳任何东西，只能容纳一小部分红眼。在丰收年，渔民的数量有所增加，但总的捕捞努力量急剧下降，因为在高峰期，每个人的捕捞量相对较少。一个流刺网每个dcay往往足以赶上所有的鱼罐头厂配额制度允许一艘船出售（巴布科克，'06）。Mlany的陷阱驱动在普吉特苏恩（l被遗弃后，运行良好
The first white visitors to what is now southwestern British Columbia encountered in the Fraser River one of the oddest of natural phenomena. Of the five species of Pacific salmon that entered this river to spawn, the commonest by far wvas the sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka). In ordinary years these fish were abundant enough, but every fourth year they appeared in incredible numbers, greatly exceeding those of the years in between. The "big" year had occurred in this manner as far back as aboriginal memories extended, and it continued to occur until it met an untimely end in 1913. The mere abundance of these fish was not too &Treat a cause for wonder, though it was remarkable enough. What really excited the imagination was the great disparity between the big years and the "off" years. Some idea of the actual magnitude of this disparity became apparent later on. \vhen sockeye were exploited commermially. It was soon found possible to fish intensively enough, and to build canneries enough, to utilize some really substantial fraction of an ordinary year's run. However, up to and including 1913, when the dominant cycle last appeared, the utmost efforts of the cannery operators were insufficient to accommodate anything but a small percentage of its hordes of sockeye. In big years there was some increase in number of fishermen, but total fishing effort fell off sharply because at the height of the run each man fished relatively little. One drift of a gill net each dcay often sufficed to catch all the fish which a cannery quota system permitted a boat to sell (Babcock, '06). Mlany of the traps driven in Puget Soun(l were abandoned after the run was well