WARS, BLOCKADE, AND ECONOMIC-CHANGE IN EUROPE, 1792-1815
WARS, BLOCKADE, AND ECONOMIC-CHANGE IN EUROPE, 1792-1815
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DOI：
10.1017/s0022050700061271
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发表时间：
1964-01-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
CROUZET, F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CROUZET, F
从1792年到1815年几乎一直在肆虐的战争，在英语中通常被称为拿破仑战争，是自18世纪初以来欧洲所知的最长的战争时期，由于它们发生在经济发展的关键阶段，当时工业革命刚刚在英国启动，其初步萌芽在欧洲大陆的许多地方显示出来，它们对欧洲大陆工业的发展产生了相当严重的影响。与二十世纪世界大战不同，拿破仑战争的特点不是大规模的物质破坏；尽管一些城镇或地区的生产潜力受到军事行动或内乱的影响，但这种破坏在空间和时间上都相当有限。另一方面，大多数欧洲国家在战争期间遭受了一轮又一轮的纸币通货膨胀，这无疑带来了严重的后果--特别是在法国大革命期间，许多商人和制造商的营运资本由于成本急剧上升、价格控制在最高限度下以及以折旧的转让支付政府订单的组合而被摧毁。此外，不能低估将资源转用于军事目的以及征税和征税的沉重负担。
The wars which raged almost continuously from 1792 to 1815 and which are generally, but not quite properly, called in English the Napoleonic wars, are the longest period of warfare which Europe has known since the early eighteenth century, and as they took place at a crucial stage of economic development, when the Industrial Revolution had just taken off in England and when its preliminary stirrings were showing in various places of the Continent, their impact upon the growth of industry in Continental Europe was quite serious. Unlike the twentieth-century world wars, the Napoleonic wars were not marked by large-scale physical destruction; though the productive potential of some towns or districts suffered from military operations or civil disturbances, such destruction was quite limited in space and time. On the other hand, most European countries suffered during the wars from bouts of paper-money inflation, which had undoubtedly serious consequences—especially in France during the Revolution, when the working capital of many merchants and manufacturers was destroyed through the combination of a sharp rise in their costs, of price control under the maximum, and of payment of government orders in depreciated assignats. Also, the diversion of resources to military purposes and the heavy burden of taxation and exactions must not be underestimated.