Differences in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) plant stature along soil-water gradients: genetic components.
Differences in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) plant stature along soil-water gradients: genetic components.
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大山艾树（Artemisia tridentata）植物身高沿土壤-水梯度的差异：遗传成分。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1986
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Mckell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Barker;C. Mckell
基因型和表型变异是大蒿属植物的特征。一个明显的表现是大蒿属植物的高度沿着土壤水分梯度的变化。大型植物通常与中生生境如排水沟或洼地有关，而小型植物则占据梯度的旱生部分。本研究的目的是探讨沿着土壤水分梯度对大蒿属植物株高的遗传影响。叶形态，物候，色谱和细胞学的调查评估潜在的遗传差异，并检查可能的亚种状态的大型和小型植物。这些研究的结果揭示了大型和小型植物之间的遗传差异，并确认了亚种地位。经鉴定，该种大型植物为盆大山艾（A.三齿虫属tridentata），而小型植物是怀俄明州的大山艾A.三齿花属Wyomingensis）。另外三项研究检查了亚种之间生长潜力的可能差异。温室和统一花园的研究比较了幼苗和幼年植物的生长。在本地种群中测量成熟植物的年度领导生长。在温室、均匀花园和先导生长实验中，盆地大山艾树植物的生长超过了怀俄明州大山艾树。亚种间生长潜力的差异可能是倍性差异的结果。最常见、最重要、分布最广的木本蒿属植物（Artemisia L.）亚属tridenthalus（Rydb.）E.D.麦克阿瑟）是大山艾（Artemisia tridentata Nutt.）从加拿大南部到墨西哥北方，北美西部数百万公顷的土地上都有大山艾树（Beetle 1960，麦克阿瑟et al. 1981）。这种灌木具有广泛的适应性，生长在各种土壤类型中，从低海拔山谷和平原到高山斜坡和山脊，与许多植物物种有关（Morris等人，1976年; Winward和Tisdalel，1977年; Winward，1980年）。大山艾树为一系列野生动物和牲畜提供了食物和栖息地，最大限度地减少了土壤侵蚀，并在采矿土地复垦中具有价值。与其他植物物种一样，大山艾树通过表型可塑性和基因型变异的结合来适应不同的环境。正如考德威尔（1979）的理论，植物的表型多样性是显著的，但它不足以适应广泛的环境条件，发现在一个广泛分布的物种，如大山艾树的范围。目前，大山艾复合体包括4个亚种（Beetle 1960，Beetle and Young 1965，古德里奇et al. in press，麦克阿瑟1983），它们是：盆地大山艾（A.三齿果SSP. tridentata）、怀俄明州大山艾A.三齿果SSP. wyomingensis Beetle and Young）、山地大山艾A.三齿果SSP. vaseyana（Rydb.）甲虫）和亚高山山艾（A.三齿果speciformis（Osterhout）古德里奇和麦克阿瑟）。作者分别是洛根犹他州州立大学靶场科学系的前研究生研究助理和教授。作者现为索马里莫加迪舒索马里国立大学植物学和牧场管理系讲师，NPI研究副总裁，地址：417 Wakara Way，湖城犹他州84108。这项研究得到了美国能源和生态中心部以及犹他州州立大学牧场科学部的支持。感谢ED。麦克阿瑟的技术援助，使用实验室设备，并审查草稿。1985年7月3日，被接纳。基因型和表型变异是大山艾属灌木的特征（Beetle 1960，Hanks et al. 1973，麦克阿瑟et al. 1981，West et al. 1978）。一个明显的表现是大蒿属植物的高度沿着土壤-水分梯度的变化（甲虫1960，霍尔和克莱门茨1923，汉克斯等1973）。大型植物可达到3.5至5.0米的高度，如排水沟或洼地中的栖息地，而植物低于1.0米高的水分梯度的旱生部分。考虑到大的山艾树植物身高的差异，一个合乎逻辑的问题出现了：植物身高的差异是由于遗传还是环境的影响？本文的研究讨论了遗传对大山艾树株高的影响。与大型和小型山艾属植物相关的土壤差异在其他地方有报道（Barker 1981，Barker and McKell 1983）。
Genotypic and phenotypic variations are characteristic among big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) plants. One obvious expression is the variability of big sagebrush plant stature along soilwater gradients. Large plants are usually associated with mesic habitats such as drainages or swales, while small plants occupy the xeric portions of the gradients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic influence on big sagebrush plant stature along soil-water gradients. Leaf morphological, phenological, chromatographical, and cytological investigations evaluated potential genetic differences and examined possible subspecies status of the large and small plants. The results of these studies revealed a genetic difference between the large and small plants and confirmed subspecies status. The large plants were identified as basin big sagebrush (A. tridentata spp. tridentata) while the small plants were Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis). Three additional studies examined possible differences in growth potential between the subspecies. A greenhouse and uniform garden study compared seedling and juvenile plant growth. Annual leader growth of mature plants was measured in native populations. Basin big sagebrush plants outgrew Wyoming big sagebrush in the greenhouse, uniform garden, and leader growth experiments. Difference in growth potential between the subspecies may be a consequence of ploidy differences. The most common, important, and widely distributed woody sagebrush (Artemisia L. subgenus tridentatae (Rydb.) E.D. McArthur) is big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). Big sagebrush is common on millions of hectares throughout western North America from southern Canada to northern Mexico (Beetle 1960, McArthur et al. 1981). This shrub has a wide range of adaptability and grows in various soil types and is associated with numerous plant species from low elevation valleys and plains to high mountain slopes and ridges (Morris et al. 1976, Winward and Tisdalel977, Winward, 1980). Big sagebrush provides browse and habitat for an array of wildlife and livestock, minimizes soil erosion, and is of value in mined-land reclamation. Big sagebrush, as do other plant species, adapts to diverse environments through a combination of phenotypic plasticity and genotypic variation. As Caldwell (1979) theorized, the phenotypic diversity of plants is remarkable, but it is not sufficient to accommodate extensive environmental conditions that are found in the range of a widely distributed species such as big sagebrush. Presently, the big sagebrush complex consists of 4 subspecies (Beetle 1960, Beetle and Young 1965, Goodrich et al. in press, McArthur 1983) which are: basin big sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. ssp. tridentata), Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young), mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle), and subalpine sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. ssp speciformis (Osterhout) Goodrich and McArthur). Authors are former graduate research assistant and professor, respectively, Department of Range Science, Utah State University, Logan. Authors are presently, lecturer, Department of Botany and Range Management, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia and Vice-President for Research, NPI, 417 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108. Research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and Ecology Center and Department of Range Science, Utah State University. We thank E.D. McArthur for technical assistance, use of laboratory equipment, and review of a draft manuscript. Manuscript accepted 3 July 1985. Genotypic and phenotypic variation is characteristic of big sagebrush (Beetle 1960, Hanks et al. 1973, McArthur et al. 1981, West et al. 1978). An obvious expression is the variability in big sagebrush plant stature along soil-water gradients (Beetle 1960, Hall and Clements 1923, Hanks et al. 1973). Large plants may reach a height of 3.5 to 5.0 m in mesic habitats such as drainages or swales, while plants less than 1.0 m tall are associated with the xeric portions of moisture gradients. Considering the differences in big sagebrush plant stature, a logical question arises: Are the differences in plant stature due to genetic or environmental influences? The research herein discusses the influence of genetics on big sagebrush plant stature. Edaphic differences associated with the large and small big sagebrush plants are reported elsewhere (Barker 1981, Barker and McKell 1983).