From histology to micro-CT: Measuring and modeling resorption cavities and their relation to bone competence.
From histology to micro-CT: Measuring and modeling resorption cavities and their relation to bone competence.
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DOI：
10.4329/wjr.v6.i9.643
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发表时间：
2014-09
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
J. Vanderoost;G. V. van Lenthe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Vanderoost;G. V. van Lenthe
骨重建过程对骨几何形态及其内部结构的产生和维持起着至关重要的作用。破骨细胞是三种主要的骨细胞类型之一，在骨重建周期中起着至关重要的作用。在微观结构层面，破骨细胞通过侵蚀吸收腔而造成骨缺陷。了解这些空洞如何损害骨骼的机械质量不仅与量化吸收空洞对健康骨骼和正常衰老的影响有关，而且可能更有助于量化它们在代谢性骨骼疾病中的作用。已知代谢性骨病及其治疗都会影响骨重建周期，因此，骨机械能力可能并将受到影响。然而，目前关于这些空洞的精确尺寸及其对骨能力的影响的知识相当有限。考虑到从二维(2D)组织切片获得三维(3D)属性的困难，这并不令人惊讶。测量困难反映在对吸收腔如何影响骨能力的评估上。虽然详细的3D模型通常用于量化空洞的机械影响，但空洞本身的表示基本上限于简化的形状和平均的空洞属性。定性地说，这些模型表明牙洞的大小和位置很重要，而且牙洞的影响比单纯的骨质流失所能预期的要大。综上所述，直到最近，破骨细胞吸收腔的大小是通过2D测量来估计的；因此，仔细解释吸收腔的大小是必要的。需要更多的努力来使用现代3D成像技术，如微型计算机断层扫描(Micro-CT)和同步辐射CT，正确地量化吸收腔。破骨细胞吸收腔影响骨功能。已经使用计算模型分析了结构-功能关系，这些计算模型一方面提供了关于松质骨结构的相当详细的信息，但另一方面包含了关于空洞尺寸的相当粗略的假设。高分辨率表示和参数描述的使用可能是提高这些模型的数量保真度的潜在途径。
The process of bone remodelling plays an essential role in the emergence and maintenance of bone geometry and its internal structure. Osteoclasts are one of the three main bone cell types that play a crucial role in the bone remodelling cycle. At the microstructural level, osteoclasts create bone deficits by eroding resorption cavities. Understanding how these cavities impair the mechanical quality of the bone is not only relevant in quantifying the impact of resorption cavities in healthy bone and normal aging, but maybe even more so in quantifying their role in metabolic bone diseases. Metabolic bone diseases and their treatment are both known to affect the bone remodelling cycle; hence, the bone mechanical competence can and will be affected. However, the current knowledge of the precise dimensions of these cavities and their effect on bone competence is rather limited. This is not surprising considering the difficulties in deriving three-dimensional (3D) properties from two-dimensional (2D) histological sections. The measurement difficulties are reflected in the evaluation of how resorption cavities affect bone competence. Although detailed 3D models are generally being used to quantify the mechanical impact of the cavities, the representation of the cavities themselves has basically been limited to simplified shapes and averaged cavity properties. Qualitatively, these models indicate that cavity size and location are important, and that the effect of cavities is larger than can be expected from simple bone loss. In summary, the dimensions of osteoclast resorption cavities were until recently estimated from 2D measures; hence, a careful interpretation of resorption cavity dimensions is necessary. More effort needs to go into correctly quantifying resorption cavities using modern 3D imaging techniques like micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and synchrotron radiation CT. Osteoclast resorption cavities affect bone competence. The structure-function relationships have been analysed using computational models that, on one hand, provide rather detailed information on trabecular bone structure, but on the other incorporate rather crude assumptions on cavity dimensions. The use of high-resolution representations and parametric descriptions could be potential routes to improve the quantitative fidelity of these models.