Chapter 9 On the Verbal Suffix -maχe in Sibe: The Development of Its Morphophonology and Language Contact
Chapter 9 On the Verbal Suffix -maχe in Sibe: The Development of Its Morphophonology and Language Contact
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第九章 论《锡伯语》动词后缀-maxe：其形音学和语言联系的发展
DOI：
10.1163/9789004503502_010
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Norikazu Kogura
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
山辺 弦;Norikazu Kogura
锡伯语是中国新疆维吾尔自治区使用的通古斯语（满语-通古斯语），今天约有30，000人说锡伯语。在通古斯语中，锡伯语与满语非常接近，在文献中也被称为满语口语（Yamamoto 1969）或满语方言（Wang 2005）。锡伯人最初生活在中国东北地区，那里仍然是锡伯人的大部分居住地。然而，在世纪后期（1764年），一些人被迫迁移到新疆伊犁地区，充当守卫俄罗斯帝国边境的士兵，随后他们在那里定居下来。定居后，生活在东北地区的锡伯人失去了锡伯语，开始说汉语。因此，锡伯语现在主要是生活在新疆，特别是伊犁地区的人说的。由于新疆使用汉语、现代维吾尔语和哈萨克语等多种语言，大多数锡伯语使用者都是多语种的，在日常生活中使用这些语言。因此，锡伯语中可以找到许多来自这些邻近语言的外来语。众所周知，锡伯语，包括满语，在通古斯语中是非常独特的语言。事实上，锡伯语和满语的特殊性被认为是与蒙古语接触的结果（Ikegami 1979; Zikmundová 2013）。例如，一个主题或所有格标记“ni”在锡伯语中被发现。这种标记也可以在蒙古语中找到，并被认为是由于这种接触而从蒙古语中的第三人称所有格标记中借来的。基于档案的历史研究表明，满族人与蒙古民族有着密切的接触，特别是锡伯人在世纪期间生活在科尔沁蒙古人的影响下（Kusunoki 2009）。因此，
Sibe is a Tungusic (Manchu-Tungusic) language spoken in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China where there are around 30,000 people who speak Sibe today. Among the Tungusic languages, Sibe is so close to Manchu that it has also been referred to as Spoken Manchu (Yamamoto 1969) or as a dialect of Manchu (Wang 2005) in literature. The Sibe people originally lived in the north-eastern area of China where most of the Sibe population is still located. However, in the late eighteenth century (1764), a number of people were forced to migrate to the Yili region in Xinjiang to act as soldiers guarding the border between the Russian Empire, and they subsequently settled down there. After the settlement, Sibe people living in the north-eastern region lost the Sibe language and started speaking Chinese. Therefore, nowadays, the Sibe language is mainly spoken by those who live in Xinjiang, especially in the Yili region. As many languages such as Chinese, Modern Uyghur, and Kazakh are spoken in Xinjiang, most speakers of the Sibe language are multilingual and speak these languages in their daily lives. Thus, many loanwords from these neighbouring languages can be found in Sibe.It is known that Sibe, including Manchu, is linguistically quite peculiar among Tungusic languages. In fact, the peculiarity of Sibe and Manchu has been thought to be a result of language contact with Mongolic languages (Ikegami 1979; Zikmundová 2013). For example, a topic or possessive marker⸗ ni’is found in Sibe. This marker can also be found in Mongolic languages and is thought to have been borrowed from the third-person possessive marking in Mongolic languages as a result of such contact. Historical studies based on archives have revealed that the Manchu have had close contact with the Mongolic peoples and, in particular, that the Sibe had lived under the influence of the Khorchin Mongols during the seventeenth century (Kusunoki 2009). Thus, it appears