A rift between implicit and explicit conditioned valence in human pain relief learning
A rift between implicit and explicit conditioned valence in human pain relief learning
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2010.0103
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发表时间：
2010-08-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Pauli, Paul
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Andreatta, Marta;Muehlberger, Andreas;Pauli, Paul
疼痛是令人厌恶的，但疼痛的停止（“缓解”）是否具有类似奖励的效果？事实上，果蝇会避开在痛苦事件发生之前出现的气味，但会接近在痛苦事件发生之后出现的气味。因此，事件时机可能会将惩罚转变为奖励。然而，对于那些能够对关联有明确认知的人来说，事件时间也是至关重要的吗？在这里，我们表明，与疼痛缓解相关的刺激获得积极的内隐效价，但明确评为厌恶。具体而言，惊吓反应，进化保守的防御反射，是衰减的刺激，以前遵循的痛苦事件，表明隐含的积极效价的条件刺激，然而，参与者明确评价这些刺激为“情绪消极”。这些结果表明，疼痛缓解引起的内隐和外显条件效价之间的裂痕。它们可以解释为什么人类在某些情况下会被条件刺激所吸引，尽管他们明确地认为它们是负面的。
Pain is aversive, but does the cessation of pain ('relief') have a reward-like effect? Indeed, fruitflies avoid an odour previously presented before a painful event, but approach an odour previously presented after a painful event. Thus, event-timing may turn punishment to reward. However, is event-timing also crucial in humans who can have explicit cognitions about associations? Here, we show that stimuli associated with pain-relief acquire positive implicit valence but are explicitly rated as aversive. Specifically, the startle response, an evolutionarily conserved defence reflex, is attenuated by stimuli that had previously followed a painful event, indicating implicit positive valence of the conditioned stimulus; nevertheless, participants explicitly evaluate these stimuli as 'emotionally negative'. These results demonstrate a rift between the implicit and explicit conditioned valence induced by pain relief. They might explain why humans in some cases are attracted by conditioned stimuli despite explicitly judging them as negative.