Agriculture, climate, and technology: Why are the tropics falling behind?
Agriculture, climate, and technology: Why are the tropics falling behind?
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DOI：
10.1111/0002-9092.00071
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发表时间：
2000-08-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Sachs, JD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gallup, JL;Sachs, JD
可悲的是，热带地区仍然是贫困地带。热带地区的国家都是低收入或中等收入国家，只有少数小国或自然资源丰富的国家例外，而最贫穷的国家很少在热带地区以外。热带地区贫困的原因肯定是复杂的，包括最初的禀赋（Diamond）、历史（尤其是殖民）和地理隔离（Gallup and Sachs 1999a）。然而，热带贫困陷阱的核心是气候通过热带病、生态学和农业等渠道对生产力的影响。本文探讨了最后一个渠道：热带地区农业生产力低下的原因。热带和温带地区农业生产力的差距甚至大于收入水平的差距（图1）。1995年，非热带国家的人均收入是热带国家人均收入水平的3.3倍，但非热带国家的人均农业产出是热带国家人均收入水平的8.8倍。人们会认为，无论热带气候或土壤是否对农业产生影响，贫穷的热带国家的农业劳动生产率都会降低。在贫穷国家，所有劳动力的工资都很低，因此相对于其他生产要素，大量劳动力被用于农业，导致农业劳动生产率较低。是贫穷（由于其他原因）
The tropics, sadly, continues to be a belt of poverty. The countries of the tropics all have low or middling incomes, with a few tiny or natural-resource-rich exceptions, and few of the poorest countries are outside of the tropics. The causes of tropical poverty are surely complex, involving initial endowments (Diamond), history, especially colonization, and geographical isolation (Gallup and Sachs 1999a). Central to the tropical poverty trap, though, is the impact of climate on produc-tivity through the channels of tropical disease ecology and agriculture. This paper investi-gates the last channel: the causes of lower agricultural productivity in the tropics. The disparity in agricultural productivity between the tropics and the temperate zones is even greater than the disparity in income levels (figure 1). Income per capita in nontropical countries was 3.3 times the level of income per capita in tropical countries in 1995, but agricultural output per worker in the non-tropical countries was 8.8 times the level in the tropics. 1One would expect that the productivity of agricultural labor in poor tropical countries would be lower whether or not tropical climate or soils had an impact on agriculture. In poor countries, all labor has low wages so that a lot of labor is used in agricul-ture relative to other factors of production, ensuring low labor productivity in agriculture. Is poverty (due to other causes) rather