Approaches to nursing science methods.
Approaches to nursing science methods.
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护理科学方法的途径。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1547-5069.1988.tb00023.x
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发表时间：
1988
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Phyllis R. Schultz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Susan R. Gortner;Phyllis R. Schultz
今天的科学被认为是关于自然世界的共识，包括人类行为和社会行动（Gortner，1984; Ziman，1980），而不是作为一个编纂的知识体系（布鲁克斯，1973; Gortner，1974）。虽然科学不是其工具（即研究）的同义词，但科学的特点是系统的探究，因此具有连贯性，精确性和普遍性（Batey，1972; Ziman，1980）。此外，科学在很大程度上依赖于对自然世界的经验观察，依赖于对人类世界经验的经验理解，依赖于对这些观察和理解的判断，以至于科学的可信度主要依赖于已证实的证据。这最后一个特征引出了另一个标准：主体间性，即可以被他人证实的证据和知识主张。科学工作的共识性质因其规范性和纠错性而在社会中受到一致重视。通过公开、专业的审查，对知识主张的严谨性、准确性和对理解感兴趣的现象的贡献进行审查。这种审查导致在研究充分的主题上达成共识，有助于转移优先事项，鼓励开辟新的调查领域，并促进合作。任何学科的科学知识都是以这种方式发展的，从前古典时代到现在，在科学方法、归纳和演绎的完备性以及使事实与理论相一致的必要性方面，都有一段重要的历史。从古希腊时期开始，逻辑和系统推理加上仔细的观察、反思和直觉构成了人类理解的基本过程。
cience is conceived today as being consensual, informed opinion about the natural world including human behavior and social action (Gortner, 1984; Ziman, 1980) rather than as a body of codified knowledge (Brooks, 1973; Gortner, 1974). While not synonymous with its tool (ie, research), science is characterized by systematic inquiry and thus by coherence, precision and generality (Batey, 1972; Ziman, 1980). Furthermore, science rests so heavily on empirical observations of the natural world, on empirical apprehending of experience of the human world and on judgements about those observations and apprehendings that its credibility lies in the main on demonstrated evidence. This last characteristic leads to a fur-ther criterion: intersubjectivity, that is, evidence and knowledge claims that can be corroborated by others. The consensual nature of scientific work is uniformly valued in societies for its normative, error-correcting features. Through open, professional scrutiny, knowledge claims are examined for their rigor, precision and contribution to the understanding of the phenomena of interest. This scrutiny leads to consen-sus on well-researched topics, helps to shift priorities, encourages the opening up of new fields of inquiry and promotes collaborative work. Scientific knowledge develops in this manner in any discipline.From preclassical times to the present there is an important history of agreement on scientific approaches, on the comple-mentary nature of induction and deduction and on the need to reconcile fact with theory. From the classical Greek period on, logic and systematic reasoning coupled with careful observation, reflection and intuition have constituted the essential processes for human understanding.