Effects of nicotine in experimental animals and humans: an update on addictive properties.
Effects of nicotine in experimental animals and humans: an update on addictive properties.
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尼古丁在实验动物和人类中的影响：对成瘾性特性的更新。
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_12
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Goldberg SR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Le Foll B;Goldberg SR
吸烟导致的烟草使用是发达国家可预防的主要死亡原因。尼古丁是烟草中的一种精神活性成分，似乎在烟草依赖中发挥着重要作用，但尼古丁的强化作用往往很难在实验室动物或人类受试者的对照研究中直接证明。在这里，我们更新了我们在2006年发表在《精神药理学》(BERL)上的早期综述，这些综述是通过开发各种程序来研究尼古丁对实验动物和人类的依赖相关行为影响而获得的。药物自我给药、条件性位置偏爱、尼古丁效应的主观报道和尼古丁辨别的结果表明，在适当的条件下，尼古丁在实验动物和人类身上都可以作为药物寻找和吸毒行为的有效增强剂。慢性尼古丁暴露的中断会产生药物戒断和戒断症状的评级，这可能会导致复发。在某些情况下，与其他滥用药物相比，在证明尼古丁的强化作用方面遇到困难，原因可能是尼古丁的主要强化作用较弱，尼古丁产生的厌恶作用，或环境刺激对维持尼古丁的寻药和吸毒行为的作用比其他滥用药物更重要。最近的几份报告表明，与烟草烟雾中的尼古丁一起吸入的其他化学物质可能在维持吸烟行为方面发挥作用。然而，在小鼠和大鼠身上得到了相互矛盾的结果，这些发现还没有在非人类灵长类动物或人类受试者身上得到验证。综上所述，这些发现表明，尼古丁在适当的情况下，在实验动物和人类身上扮演着典型的滥用药物的角色。
Tobacco use through cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the developed world. Nicotine, a psychoactive component of tobacco, appears to play a major role in tobacco dependence, but reinforcing effects of nicotine have often been difficult to demonstrate directly in controlled studies with laboratory animals or human subjects. Here we update our earlier review published in Psychopharmacology (Berl) in 2006 on findings obtained with various procedures developed to study dependence-related behavioral effects of nicotine in experimental animals and humans. Results obtained with drug self-administration, conditioned place preference, subjective reports of nicotine effects and nicotine discrimination indicate that nicotine can function as an effective reinforcer of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior both in experimental animals and humans under appropriate conditions. Interruption of chronic nicotine exposure produces ratings of drug withdrawal and withdrawal symptoms that may contribute to relapse. Difficulties encountered in demonstrating reinforcing effects of nicotine under some conditions, relative to other drugs of abuse, may be due to weaker primary reinforcing effects of nicotine, to aversive effects produced by nicotine, or to a more critical contribution of environmental stimuli to the maintenance of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior with nicotine than with other drugs of abuse. Several recent reports suggest that other chemical substances inhaled along with nicotine in tobacco smoke may play a role in sustaining smoking behavior. However, conflicting results have been obtained with mice and rats and these findings have not yet been validated in non-human primates or human subjects. Taken together, these findings suggest that nicotine acts as a typical drug of abuse in experimental animals and humans under appropriate situations.