Strategies to induce natural killer cell tolerance in xenotransplantation.

Strategies to induce natural killer cell tolerance in xenotransplantation.
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DOI:
10.3389/fimmu.2022.941880
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
7.3
通讯作者:
--
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
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消除猪细胞中的主要异种抗原已经大大减少了人抗体介导的超急性异种移植排斥反应(HXR)。尽管取得了这些进展,但急性异种移植物排斥(AXR)仍然是临床异种移植的主要障碍之一,其由先天免疫细胞(包括巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞)介导。NK细胞通过释放针对异种细胞的细胞毒性颗粒而发挥“效应器”作用,并且通过细胞因子分泌而对其他免疫细胞发挥“影响器”作用。我们强调了决定NK细胞对靶细胞反应的关键受体-配体相互作用,重点关注NK细胞活化受体(NKG 2D,DNAM 1)和抑制性受体(KIR 2DL 1 -4,NKG 2A和LIR-1)信号通路的调节。抑制NK细胞活性可保护异种移植物免受细胞毒性。最近成功的方法,以减少NK细胞介导的HXR和AXR的审查,包括遗传修饰的猪异种移植,旨在提高猪与人的兼容性。未来的方向,以促进异种移植物的接受进行了讨论,包括NK细胞耐受性在怀孕和病毒感染的NK细胞逃逸。
Eliminating major xenoantigens in pig cells has drastically reduced human antibody-mediated hyperacute xenograft rejection (HXR). Despite these advancements, acute xenograft rejection (AXR) remains one of the major obstacles to clinical xenotransplantation, mediated by innate immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells play an ‘effector’ role by releasing cytotoxicity granules against xenogeneic cells and an ‘affecter’ role on other immune cells through cytokine secretion. We highlight the key receptor-ligand interactions that determine the NK cell response to target cells, focusing on the regulation of NK cell activating receptor (NKG2D, DNAM1) and inhibitory receptor (KIR2DL1-4, NKG2A, and LIR-1) signaling pathways. Inhibition of NK cell activity may protect xenografts from cytotoxicity. Recent successful approaches to reducing NK cell-mediated HXR and AXR are reviewed, including genetic modifications of porcine xenografts aimed at improving pig-to-human compatibility. Future directions to promote xenograft acceptance are discussed, including NK cell tolerance in pregnancy and NK cell evasion in viral infection.
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