Human Memory: An Introduction to Research, Data, and Theory
Human Memory: An Introduction to Research, Data, and Theory
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发表时间：
1997-09
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通讯作者：
I. Neath
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作者：
I. Neath
1. 引言和历史概述。介绍。内存的隐喻。记忆方法。记忆术语。简短的历史。古代和中世纪。现代心理学的开端。英国经验主义与大陆本土主义。科学的心理学。赫尔曼艾宾浩斯。实验：遗忘功能。艾宾浩斯之后的研究。感官记忆。标志性的记忆。在线实验：部分报告图标记忆的问题。标志性记忆总结。余音记忆。回声记忆理论：PAS。实验：刺激后缀效应。在线实验：后缀效应。回声记忆的其他理论。标志性记忆总结。气味的记忆。感觉记忆综述。模态模型。主内存。Broadbent模型。在线实验：绝对识别。Brown-Peterson。在线实验：布朗·彼得森。沃和诺曼的模型。Atkinson和Shiffrin的模型。在线实验：Sternberg记忆扫描。序列位置曲线与模态模型。在线实验：串行位置。模态模型的问题。实验：自由回忆的近因效应。模态模型的总结。工作记忆。巴德利工作记忆。语音循环。实验：基于音节的单词长度效应。情景缓冲。《工作记忆批判》在线实验：记忆广度。工作记忆作为激活。嵌入式流程模型。工作记忆容量。在线实验：操作跨度。特征模型。使用特征模型进行仿真。特征模型批判。当前即时记忆理论综述。加工视角。处理级别。实验：加工水平。转移适当的处理。组织和独特性。编码专用性原则。在线实验：编码特异性。情境与记忆。过程分离框架。什么是编码？总结。6。遗忘的时间。整合理论。干涉理论。即时记忆中的衰减与干扰。实验：PI的积累和释放。相对的特殊性。在线实验：Von Restorff效应。有腐烂的证据吗？遗忘即歧视。内隐记忆。隐式学习。在线实验：内隐学习。实验让。实验：启动词分词补全。内隐记忆的理论解释。激活视图。多存储系统。转移适当的处理。偏见视图。比较偏差，TAP和多系统视图。总结。8。记忆、大脑和健忘症。神经元。大脑。调查方法。侵入性技术。非侵入性技术。在线实验：大脑不对称。实验：语言的侧边性。健忘症。HM：一个案例研究。失忆症的理论解释。总结。阿尔茨海默病。方框：如何区分阿尔茨海默病和正常衰老？方框：阿尔茨海默病的治疗方法是什么？它们有效吗？总结。多发性硬化症。额叶。记忆在哪里？9. 识别。信号检测理论。实验：识别与信号检测理论。单流程模型。Generate-Recognize模型。超越简单的生成识别模型。记住vs .知道。在线实验：记住，知道。回忆与熟悉。镜子效应。面部识别。知识。命题和概念。Collins和Quillian的层次模型。特征重叠模型。实验：典型效应与推论。Collins和lottus的“扩散激活模型”。知道你不知道。启动。在线实验：词汇决策。扩散激活的替代方案。扩散激活理论与复合线索理论之比较。通用内存是如何组织的？容量与获取。图像。类比表征与命题表征。双任务方法。Paivio的双编码理论。实验：双重编码理论。心理旋转。在线实验：心理旋转。区分命题和模拟表示法。反对意象的论据。意象与知觉。真实事件与想象事件。异常清晰的图像。其他形式的意象。听觉意象。气味意象。重建过程。模式。特定的模式。通用内存的延展性。目击证人的记忆。闪光灯记忆。催眠与记忆。认知面试。植入记忆。实验：对未呈现单词的记忆。在线实验：错误记忆。恢复记忆。记忆幻觉。什么时候。要考虑的数据。行不通的模式。微扰理论。实验：位置记忆。时间记忆的推理模型。项目与订单信息。系列订单的模型。记忆的发展变化。助记符。我能提高我的记忆力吗？坏消息。好消息。在线实验：链接词。技术助记符。实验：意象与助记法。非凡的回忆。补充：内存模型。山姆。复合线索理论。扩散模型。MINERVA2。TODAM。联结主义模型。特征模型。合同附件。表A：二十四无意义音节（CVCs）。表B：数字1-9的随机排列。表C: 96个双音节单词。表D：八个长单词和八个短单词。表五：25个常见的双音节名词。表六：三十二声母卦。表G：五十六个类别名称。表H: Sixty Word Fragments。表一：80个具体词和80个抽象词。
1. Introduction and Historical Overview. Introduction. Memory Metaphors. Memory Methodology. Memory Terminology. A Short History. Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The Beginning of Modern Psychology. ritish Empiricism and Continental Nativism. Scientific Psychology. Hermann Ebbinghaus. Experiment: The Forgetting Function. Research After Ebbinghaus. 2. Sensory Memory. Iconic Memory. Online Experiment: Partial Report Problems with Iconic Memory. Summary of Iconic Memory. Echoic Memory. Theories of Echoic Memory: PAS. Experiment: The stimulus suffix effect. Online Experiment: Suffix Effect. Other Theories of Echoic Memory. Summary of Iconic Memory. Odor Memory. Summary of Sensory Memory. 3. The Modal Model. Primary Memory. Broadbent"s Model. Online Experiment: Absolute Identification. Brown-Peterson. Online Experiment: Brown Peterson. Waugh and Norman"s Model. Atkinson and Shiffrin"s Model. Online Experiment: Sternberg Memory Scanning. The Serial Position Curve and the Modal Model. Online Experiment: Serial Position. Problems with the Modal Model. Experiment: Recency Effects in Free Recall. Summary of the Modal Model. 4. Working Memory. Baddeley"s Working Memory. The Phonological Loop. Experiment: The Syllable-Based Word Length Effect. The Episodic Buffer. Critique of Working Memory. Online Experiment: Memory Span. Working Memory as Activation. The Embedded Processes Model. Working Memory Capacity. Online Experiment: Operation Span. The Feature Model. Simulations Using the Feature Model. Critique of the Feature Model. Summary of Current Immediate Memory Theories. 5. Perspectives on Processing. Levels of Processing. Experiment: Levels of Processing. Transfer Appropriate Processing. Organization and Distinctiveness. Encoding Specificity Principle. Online Experiment: Encoding Specificity. Context and Memory. The Process Dissociation Framework. What is Encoded? Summary. 6. Forgetting. Consolidation Theory. Interference Theory. Decay versus Interference in Immediate Memory. Experiment: Buildup and Release from PI. Relative Distinctiveness. Online Experiment: Von Restorff Effect. Any Evidence for Decay? Forgetting as Discrimination. 7. Implicit Memory. Implicit Learning. Online Experiment: Implicit Learning. Experimental Dissociations.Experiment: Priming Word Fragment Completion. Theoretical Accounts of Implicit Memory. The Activation View. Multiple Memory Systems. Transfer Appropriate Processing. The Bias View.Comparing Bias, TAP, and the Multiple Systems Views. Summary. 8. Memory, the Brain, and Amnesia. The Neuron. The Brain. Methods of Investigation. Invasive Techniques. Noninvasive Techniques. Online Experiment: Brain Asymmetry. Experiment: Laterality of Language. Amnesia. HM: A Case Study. Theoretical Accounts of Amnesia. Summary. Alzheimer"s Disease. Box: How can I tell the difference between Alzheimer"s Disease and normal aging? Box: What are the treatments for Alzheimer"s Disease and are they effective? Summary. Multiple Sclerosis. The Frontal Lobe. Where is Memory? 9. Recognition. Signal Detection Theory. Experiment: Recognition and Signal Detection Theory. Single Process Models. Generate-Recognize Models. Beyond Simple Generate-Recognize Models. Remember versus Know. Online Experiment: Remember Know. Recollection versus Familiarity. The Mirror Effect. Face Recognition. 10. Knowledge. Propositions and Concepts. Collins and Quillian"s Hierarchical Model. The Feature Overlap Model. Experiment: Typicality Effects and Inference. Collins and Loftus" Spreading Activation Model. Knowing That You Don"t Know. Priming. Online Experiment: Lexical Decision. Alternatives to Spreading Activation. Comparing Spreading Activation and Compound Cue Theory. How is Generic Memory Organized? Capacity and Acquisition. 11. Imagery. Analog versus Propositional Representations. The Dual-Task Method. Paivio"s Dual-Coding Theory. Experiment: Dual Coding Theory. Mental Rotation. Online Experiment: Mental Rotation. Distinguishing Propositional from Analog Representation. Arguments Against Imagery. Imagery and Perception. Real versus Imagined Events. Eidetic Imagery. Other Forms of Imagery. Auditory Imagery. Odor Imagery. 12. Reconstructive Processes. Schemas. Specific Schemas. Malleability of Generic Memory. Eyewitness Memory. Flashbulb Memories. Hypnosis and Memory. The Cognitive Interview. Implanting Memories. Experiment: Memory for words not presented. Online Experiment: False Memory. Recovered Memories. Memory Illusions. 13. When. Data to be Accounted For. Models that Don"t Work. Perturbation Theory. Experiment: Memory for Position. The Inference Model of Memory for When. Item Versus Order Information. Models of Serial Order. 14. Developmental Changes in Memory. 15. Mnemonics. Can I Improve My Memory? The Bad News. The Good News. Online Experiment: Link Word. Technical Mnemonics. Experiment: Imagery and Mnemonics. Exceptional Memories. 16. Supplement: Memory Models. SAM. Compound Cue Theory. Diffusion Model. MINERVA2. TODAM. Connectionist Models. Feature Model. 17. Appendix. Table A: Twenty-Four Nonsense Syllables (CVCs). Table B: Random Arrangements of the Digits 1-9. Table C: Ninety-six Two-Syllable Words. Table D: Eight Short and Eight Long Words. Table E: Twenty-Five Common Two-Syllable Nouns. Table F: Thirty Two Consonant Trigrams. Table G: Fifty-Six Category Names. Table H: Sixty Word Fragments. Table I: Eighty Concrete and Eighty Abstract Words.