Systematics and evolution of the pig.
Systematics and evolution of the pig.
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猪的系统学和进化。
DOI：
10.1079/9781845937560.0001
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发表时间：
1998
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
M. Rothschild
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Ruvinsky;M. Rothschild
根据传统的分类系统，猪所属的偶蹄目（偶蹄目）具有复杂多样的分类系统。它由大约10个科，大约88属，200多个种组成。此外，最近对哺乳动物系统发育的研究显示，偶蹄目和鲸类之间有一定程度的相似性，尽管它们在偶蹄目系统发育树中并不深。鲸类似乎与反刍亚目的成员关系更密切，而不是与其他两个传统定义的亚目，Tylopoda和Suiformes（Graur和Higgins，1994）。偶蹄动物有限的分子遗传学研究表明，与形态学数据支持的偶蹄动物生殖的基本结构非常一致（Novacek，1992）。目前的估计表明，偶蹄目（包括鲸目）的共同祖先可能存在于大约6500万年前（MYA）（Graur和Higgins，1994）。未来的分子遗传学研究可能会为这一哺乳动物群体的系统发育结构提供更多的证据。蹄足亚目（骆驼科）由两个属组成：旧大陆的骆驼和美洲驼。这些物种与偶蹄目的其他代表物种有许多非常明显的差异。它们没有典型的蹄，有一个与反刍动物非常不同的三个隔室的胃，并且在胎盘，额外胚胎组织和性器官的结构和功能方面存在差异。这些动物的许多适应性是独特的，在其他偶蹄目动物中不存在。甚至有人建议，骆驼和美洲驼应被视为一个单独的目（Bannikov，1980年）。无论这是否可接受，骆驼科物种之间确实存在合理水平的相似性，并且来自核糖体DNA中限制性位点模式的分子数据似乎支持它们的共同起源（Semorile et al.，1994年）。猪和骆驼的共同祖先生活在大约5000多万年前，1995年）。反刍亚目无疑是偶蹄目中最先进和数量最多的类群。它包括六个科，其中最大的是鹿科（鹿）和牛科（牛）。这两个最近的亚目在世界各地都有代表，在过去的2000万至2500万年里取得了巨大的成功和竞争力。反刍亚目在进化过程中出现的最重要的特征是消化生理和消化器官形态的变化。这使他们能够以更高的效率发酵纤维素。据估计，反刍动物和猪形目之间的分歧时间约为55-60百万年（Graur和Higgins，1994年）。农业生产|动物科学|遗传学|分子遗传学评论这是Ruvinsky，A.和M. F.罗斯柴尔德1998.猪的系统学和进化。猪的遗传学，M。Rothschild和A. Ruvinksy（编辑）. Press. pp. 1-16.经许可发布。本书的章节可在爱荷华州州立大学数字知识库中找到：https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs/413猪A的系统学和进化。Ruvinsky和M.F.罗斯柴尔德1动物科学系，新英格兰大学，阿米代尔2351，新南威尔士州，澳大利亚; 2动物科学系，225 Kildee Hall，爱荷华州州立大学，艾姆斯，L4 50011，美国简介猪形亚目的分类与系统发育河马科Tayassuidae的系统发育猪科系统分类亚科Babyrousinae亚科Phacochoerinae亚科的分类与系统发育猪亚科（Suinae）结论猪属（Sus）的分类学介绍性评论Sus scrofa Sus salvanius Sus verrucosus Sus cavitatus Sus cekbensis Sus philippensis Sus cebifrons猪属（Sus）物种的相互关系结论鸣谢参考资料©CAB INTERNATIONAL 1998.猪的遗传学（M.F. Rothschild和A. Ruvinsky）2
According to the traditional classification system the order Artiodactyla (eventoed ungulates), to which the pig belongs, has a complicated and diversified taxonomy. It is comprised of about ten families with approximately 88 genera and more than 200 species. In addition, recent investigations of mammalian phylogeny show a certain degree of similarity between Artiodactyla and Cetacea (whales), even though they are not deeply nested within the artiodactyl phylogenetic tree. Cetacea appear to be more closely related to the members of the suborder Ruminantia, than to the two other traditionally defined suborders, Tylopoda and Suiformes (Graur and Higgins, 1994). The limited molecular genetic studies of artiodactyls have shown good agreement with the basic structure of their phylogeny supported by morphological data (Novacek, 1992). Current estimates indicate that the common ancestor for artiodactyla (including Cetacea) may have existed around 65 million years ago (MYA) (Graur and Higgins, 1994). It seems likely that future molecular genetic research will provide additional evidence of the phylogenetic structure of this mammalian group. The suborderTylopoda (camelids) consists of two genera: camels of the Old World and American llamas. These species have a number of very distinctive differences with other representatives of Artiodactyla. They lack typical hoofs, have a stomach with three compartments which is very different from ruminants, and differences exist in the structure and functioning of the placenta, extra embryonic tissues and sexual organs. Many adaptations of these animals are unique and are absent in other Artiodactyla. It has even been suggested that camels and llamas should be considered as a separate order (Bannikov, 1980). Whether or not this is acceptable, a reasonable level of similarity between camelid species does exist and the molecular data from restriction site patterns in ribosomal DNA seem to support their common origin (Semorile et al., 1994). A common ancestor for the pig and camel lived approximately more than 50 MYA Qermann et al., 1995). The suborder Ruminantia is certainly the most advanced and numerous group in the order Artiodactyla. It includes six families, of which the largest are Cervidae (deer) and Bovidae (oxen). These two most recent suborders are represented worldwide and were enormously successful and competitive during the last 20-25 million years. The most important features that appeared during the evolution of the suborder Ruminantia were changes in the digestive physiology and morphology of the digestive organs. This made them able to ferment cellulose with increased efficiency. The estimated time of divergence between the Ruminantia and Suiformes was about 55-60 MYA (Graur and Higgins, 1994). Disciplines Agriculture | Animal Sciences | Genetics | Molecular Genetics Comments This is a chapter from Ruvinsky, A. and M. F. Rothschild. 1998. Systematics and evolution of the pig. In: Genetics of the Pig, M. Rothschild and A. Ruvinksy (Eds.). CABI Press. pp. 1-16. Posted with permission. This book chapter is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs/413 Systematics and Evolution of the Pig A. Ruvinsky and M.F. Rothschild 1 Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, NSW, Australia; 2Department of Animal Science, 225 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, L4 50011, USA Introduction Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Suborder Suiformes Family Hippopotamidae Family Tayassuidae Phylogenetic relationships Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Suidae Family Systematics Subfamily Babyrousinae Subfamily Phacochoerinae Subfamily Suinae Concluding remarks Taxonomy of the Genus Sus Introductory remarks Sus scrofa Sus salvanius Sus verrucosus Sus barbatus Sus cekbensis Sus philippensis Sus cebifrons Interrelationships of the species in the genus Sus Conclusions Acknowledgements References ©CAB INTERNATIONAL 1998. The Genetics of the Pig (eds M.F. Rothschild and A. Ruvinsky) 2