Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment
Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment
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DOI：
10.1016/s0160-4120(03)00113-2
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Ikonomou, MG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hale, RC;Alaee, M;Ikonomou, MG
北美消耗了全球一半以上的多溴二苯醚 (PBDE) 阻燃剂产量。全球约 98% 的五溴二苯醚混合物需求都集中在这里，该混合物的成分最具生物累积性且在环境中分布最广泛。然而，北美地区对PBDEs环境分布的研究落后于北欧。对政府维护的现有释放数据的审查表明，美国十溴二苯醚的使用量大大超过加拿大。五溴二苯醚的使用可能遵循类似的模式。墨西哥的多溴二苯醚需求不确定，但预计相对温和。最近对空气、水、沉积物、污水污泥和水生生物群进行的研究表明，五溴二苯醚成分存在于美国和加拿大的不同地理位置。在远离其已知用途或生产的地区，例如，已观察到溴化程度较低的同系物。北极。在北美空气、水和沉积物中检测到的多溴二苯醚浓度较低，但在水生生物群中的浓度却高得多。人们已经注意到，随着食物网中地位的变化，负担也会增加。美国和加拿大污水污泥中的 PBDE 浓度似乎比欧洲水平至少高 10 倍，可能是一个有用的释放晴雨表。一般来说，北美报告的环境介质中的多溴二苯醚浓度与世界其他地方观察到的浓度相当或超过。与欧洲相比，这里的环境负担随着时间的推移而增加，这与商业混合物的消耗量增加是一致的。然而，数据仍然相对匮乏。北美环境中的十溴二苯醚似乎主要局限于释放点，例如：城市地区以及使用含有多溴联苯醚的污水污泥的地区。这种重新分布的缺乏可能是由于其极低的挥发性和水溶性。五溴二苯醚和十溴二苯醚产品有不同的用途，这也可能是控制其环境释放的一个因素。 Crown 版权所有 (C) 2003 由 Elsevier Science Ltd 出版。保留所有权利。
North America consumes over half of the world's production of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. About 98% of global demand for the Penta-BDE mixture, the constituents of which are the most bioaccumulative and environmentally widespread, resides here. However, research on the environmental distribution of PBDEs in North America has lagged behind that in Northern Europe. Examination of available governmentally maintained release data suggests that Deca-BDE use in the US substantially exceeds that in Canada. Penta-BDE use probably follows a similar pattern. PBDE demand in Mexico is uncertain, but is assumed to be comparatively modest. Recent research examining air, water, sediment, sewage sludge and aquatic biota suggests that Penta-BDE constituents are present in geographically disparate locations in the US and Canada. The less brominated congeners have been observed in areas distant from their known use or production, e.g. the Arctic. PBDEs have been detected in low concentrations in North American air, water and sediment, but much higher levels in aquatic biota. Increased burdens as a function of position in the food web have been noted. PBDE concentrations in US and Canadian sewage sludges appear to be at least 10-fold greater than European levels and may be a useful barometer of release. In general, PBDE concentrations in environmental media reported in North America are comparable or exceed those observed elsewhere in the world. In contrast to Europe, environmental burdens are increasing over time here, consistent with the greater consumption of the commercial mixtures. However, data remain relatively scarce. Deca-BDE in the North American environment appears largely restricted to points of release, e.g. urban areas and those where PBDE-containing sewage sludges have been applied. This lack of redistribution is likely due to its extremely low volatility and water solubility. Penta-BDE and Deca-BDE products are used in different applications and this may also be a factor controlling their environmental release. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.