Nitric oxide signaling in invertebrates
Nitric oxide signaling in invertebrates
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DOI：
10.1007/bf02481710
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发表时间：
1997-06-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jacklet, Jon W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jacklet, Jon W.
一氧化氮(NO)是一种非传统的神经递质和神经调节剂分子，越来越多地被发现在从线虫到哺乳动物的动物中具有重要的信号功能。过去，在发现NO的血管扩张功能后，人们主要通过在哺乳动物身上的实验来确定NO的信号机制。基因敲除小鼠的使用在揭示一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的几种异构体的功能方面尤为重要，一氧化氮合酶是产生NO的酶。最近的研究揭示了NO信号的丰富多样性。除了NO激活鸟苷酸环化酶和cGMP产生的已知途径外，涉及蛋白质亚硝化的氧化还原机制也是调节神经递质释放和接收的重要因素。在无脊椎动物中没有信号研究现在正在产生丰富的比较信息。无脊椎动物的一氧化氮合酶亚型已在昆虫和软体动物中被鉴定，并对保守的和可变的氨基酸序列进行了评估。钙-钙调蛋白依赖性和辅因子需求是保守的。NADPH黄递酶研究表明，NOS存在于棘皮动物、腔肠动物、线虫、环节动物、昆虫、甲壳类和软体动物中。越来越多的证据表明，NO被用作正交化发射机和协发送机，以及常规发射机释放的调制器。在不同的动物中，NO似乎被用于某些神经功能，如化学感觉信号、学习和发育，这表明这些NO功能在进化过程中一直是保守的。NO的多样化和非常规信号功能的发现刺激了人们对其用途的大量热情研究。我们可以预料到会发现更多有趣的和一些令人惊讶的无信号功能。
Nitric oxide (NO) is an unconventional neurotransmitter and neuromodulator molecule that is increasingly found to have important signaling functions in animals from nematodes to mammals. NO signaling mechanisms in the past were identified largely through experiments on mammals, after the discovery of NO's vasodilatory functions. The use of gene knock out mice has been particularly important in revealing the functions of the several isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme that produces NO. Recent studies have revealed rich diversity in NO signaling. In addition to the well-established pathway in which NO activates guanylyl cyclase and cGMP production, redox mechanisms involving protein nitrosylation are important contributors to modulation of neurotransmitter release and reception. NO signaling studies in invertebrates are now generating a wealth of comparative information. Invertebrate NOS isoforms have been identified in insects and molluscs, and the conserved and variable amino acid sequences evaluated. Calcium-calmodulin dependence and cofactor requirements are conserved. NADPH diaphorase studies show that NOS is found in echinoderms, coelenterates, nematodes, annelids, insects, crustaceans and molluscs. Accumulating evidence reveals that NO is used as an orthograde transmitter and cotransmitter, and as a modulator of conventional transmitter release. NO appears to be used in diverse animals for certain neuronal functions, such as chemosensory signaling, learning, and development, suggesting that these NO functions have been conserved during evolution. The discovery of NO's diverse and unconventional signaling functions has stimulated a plethora of enthusiastic investigations into its uses. We can anticipate the discovery of many more interesting and some surprising NO signaling functions.