Labour market flexibility in Japan in comparison with Europe and the U.S
Labour market flexibility in Japan in comparison with Europe and the U.S
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与欧洲和美国相比，日本劳动力市场的灵活性
DOI：
10.1016/0014-2921(87)90086-9
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发表时间：
1987
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
T. Tachibanaki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Tachibanaki
日本以外的人普遍认为，日本劳动力市场比其他工业化国家的劳动力市场更加灵活，这种灵活性有助于降低失业率并总体上改善宏观经济的表现。图1显示，尽管与其他工业化国家相比，日本的GDP大幅下降，但失业率没有任何变化。就业人数的减少也没有那么大。几乎所有其他国家都表明，国内生产总值下降伴随着就业下降，从而导致失业率上升，尽管程度因国家而异。日本的这些结果有些神秘，但值得认真调查。本文试图根据日本人和非日本人的研究来检验灵活性是否是真实的情况。本文还试图寻找这种灵活性的原因（如果有的话），特别强调日本经济与其他工业化国家经济的比较，以及就业率微小变化的原因。显然，不可能涵盖劳动力市场灵活性的所有方面。本文主要讨论了（1）劳动力调整、（2）工资和劳动力需求、（3）劳动力成本、（4）劳动力供给、（5）劳动力流动、（6）失业的严重性等几个主题。总结 20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代初期日本劳动力市场表现相对较好（尤其是失业率较低）的原因可能会有所帮助。一是青年、女工劳动力供给压力不强。这
There is a common understanding outside of Japan that the Japanese labour market is more flexible than those of the other industrialized nations, and that this flexibility has facilitated to lower the rate of unemployment and to provide a better performance of the macroeconomy in general. Fig. 1 is presented to show that the rate of unemployment in Japan has not changed at all despite a big drop in the GDP in comparison with the other industrialized countries. The reduction in employment also was not so great. Almost all other countries show that a drop in GDP is accompanied by a drop in employment and thus by an increase in unemployment, although the degrees are varied by countries. These results in Japan are somewhat mysterious but deserve a serious investigation. This paper attempts to examine, on the basis of studies by both Japanese and non-Japanese, whether flexibility is the real story. The paper also attempts to seek the reasons for this flexibility, if any, with particular emphasis on a comparison between the Japanese economy and the economies of other industrialized nations, and the reasons for the very minor change in the rate of employment. Obviously, it is impossible to cover all the dimensions of labour market flexibility. This paper concentrates on a few subjects such as (1) labour adjustment,(2) wages and labour demand,(3) labour cost,(4) labour supply,(5) labour mobility,(6) seriousness of unemployment, and others. It might be useful to summarize the reasons for the relatively better performance in the Japanese labour market (especially the low rate of unemployment) during the 1970s and the early 1980s. First, there was no strong pressure of labour supply by young people and female workers. The