New Aspects of Ecomaterials from the Viewpoints of the Consumer and Regional Communities
New Aspects of Ecomaterials from the Viewpoints of the Consumer and Regional Communities
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从消费者和地区社区的角度看生态材料的新面貌
DOI：
10.2320/matertrans.mb201302
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
K. Halada
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
O. Umezawa;Y. Shinohara;K. Halada
目前，材料安全和具有环境意识的材料（生态材料）1）的生产受到全球社会的关注，需要认识到这两方面的挑战。作为一个国家，日本注重更好地管理自然资源和材料，并制定了一个框架，通过推广和实施其3R（减少、再利用、再循环）知识，推动向闭环经济迈进。生态材料在生态设计中也发挥着重要作用。生态设计是一种设计产品的方法，特别考虑产品在整个生命周期中对环境的影响。在生活、汽车、电气、机械、建筑等行业的生态设计和高性能制造方面取得了实质性进展，其中需要提高资源生产率和采用生态材料是进步的关键优先事项。2）生态材料的概念，定义为具有三个基本路径的生态圈（即，前沿，环境保护和舒适性），最初于1992年在日本提出，并在20世纪90年代成为材料工程的重点领域。1）在21世纪初，Halada等人3）试图将生态材料分为以下三类：（1）环境保护功能材料，（2）节能材料和低排放系统支持材料，（3）通过生命周期评估或分析（LCA）设计的材料，并基于较低的环境影响进行选择。这就是为什么不仅材料选择很重要，而且合成高性能材料的新工艺技术也很重要。两者都依赖于产品设计，以实现社会经济健康和减少环境负担的共存。因此，本文提出了生态材料选择和开发的一般准则：2）生态效率由一个方程来定义。4）我们开发并标准化了这个方程的指标。及其披露国际合作下贸易的材料的环境影响信息的框架。5）六个环境信息指数在生态之星系统中得到展示。自1993年以来，生态材料面临的具体挑战在全球对环保概念的认识中发挥了重要作用，并成为发展生态友好型世界的动力。事实上，生态材料的概念除了被学术界和各国政府所接受外，在材料生产和产品制造领域也已被广泛接受。尤其是在日本，危险性较低或资源生产率较高的环境材料的采用率显著提高。尽管对环境材料给予了高度重视，但其概念现已过时，因此正在寻求对环境材料进行新的分类。通过石垣岛宣言7）和ICEM圆桌会议9，8），我们讨论了可持续社会的生态材料概念的分解和重建。争论的焦点和世界技术进步的方向仍然是混乱的，这正是我们寻求纠正的。从产品的高生态效率转向面向消费者和区域社区的适应，是“舒适”的一部分，这是实现生态圈的三个基本途径之一。一个新的概念，材料的稳健设计，也提出了一系列新的活动集中在生态材料的一部分。
Presently, materials security and production of environmentally conscious materials (ecomaterials)1) are of concern to the global community, which needs to recognize the challenges that both present. As a nation, Japan has focused on better management of natural resources and materials, and has developed a framework to advance a move towards a closed-loop economy through advancing and implementation of its knowledge of the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle). Ecomaterials also make an important role in ecodesign. Ecodesign is an approach to design of a product with special consideration for the environmental impacts of the product during its whole lifecycle. Substantial progress has been made in ecodesign and high-performance fabrication for sectors such as living, automotive, electrical, machinery, building, etc., where a need to improve resource productivity and adopt ecomaterials are a key priority for progress.2) The concept of ecomaterials, defined as an ecosphere with three basic paths (i.e., frontier, environmental protection, and amenity), was originally proposed in Japan in 1992 and became the preferred area of focus in materials engineering through the 1990s.1) In the beginning of the 21st century, Halada et al.3) attempted to classify ecomaterials into three categories as follows: (1) Functional materials for environmental protection, (2) Energy-saving materials and materials supporting lowemission systems, and (3) Materials designed by means of life-cycle assessment or analysis (LCA), and selected based on a lower environmental impact. This is why not only materials selection is important, but also novel process technologies for synthesizing high-performance materials with a low environmental burden. Both are also dependent on product design to achieve coexistence of societal economic health and reduced environmental burden. Therefore, general guidelines for ecomaterial selection and development were discussed and proposed,2) in which ecoefficiency was defined by an equation.4) We have developed and standardized the indices of this equation, and its framework for disclosing information on environmental impact of materials traded under international collaboration.5) The six environmental information indices are demonstrated in the eco-star system.6) The specific challenges facing ecomaterials have played an important role in the global recognition of environmentally conscious concepts since 1993, and have served motivators for the development of an eco-friendly world. In fact, the ecomaterials concept has already been widely accepted in the fields of material production and product manufacturing, in addition to being accepted by the academia and various governments. This is especially true in Japan, where adoption of ecomaterials that are less hazardous, or have a higher resource productivity, has noticeably increased. Despite all the importance attached to ecomaterials, its concept has now become outdated, and a new categorization of ecomaterials is therefore being sought. Through the declaration at Ishigakijima,7) and at the round table conference at ICEM9,8) we have discussed the breakdown and rebuilding of the ecomaterials concept for a sustainable society. The point at issue, and the direction of technological advancement of the world, has remained confused, and it is this that we seek to correct. Moving from high eco-efficiency of products to consumer orientation and regional community adaptation is focused upon as a part of the “amenity”, one of three basic paths in achieving an ecosphere. A new concept, the robust design of materials, is also proposed as part of new range of activities focused on ecomaterials.