Imports, Exports, and Earnings Inequality: Measures of Exposure and Estimates of Incidence
Imports, Exports, and Earnings Inequality: Measures of Exposure and Estimates of Incidence
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进口、出口和收入不平等：暴露测量和发生率估计
DOI：
10.1093/qje/qjac012
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Pomeranz, Dina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Adão, Rodrigo;Carrillo, Paul;Costinot, Arnaud;Donaldson, Dave;Pomeranz, Dina
个人的收入取决于对他们提供的要素服务的需求。因此，国际贸易可能会影响收入不平等，因为（i）外国消费者和公司对国内要素服务的需求比例与国内消费者和公司不同，这是一种出口渠道;或者（ii）国内消费者和公司改变对国内要素服务的需求，以应对外国商品的供应，这是一种进口渠道。基于这一想法，我们开发了新的措施，在个人层面的出口和进口的风险，并提供其发病率在收入分配的估计。我们的实证分析的关键输入是来自厄瓜多尔的一个独特的行政数据集，该数据集合并了公司对公司的交易数据，雇主-雇员匹配数据，所有者-公司匹配数据和公司一级的海关交易记录。我们发现，出口暴露是亲中产阶级，进口暴露是亲富人，并在整体发病率，进口渠道是主导力量。因此，厄瓜多尔的收入不平等程度高于没有贸易的情况。
The earnings of individuals depend on the demand for the factor services they supply. International trade may therefore affect earnings inequality because either (i) foreign consumers and firms demand domestic factor services in different proportions than domestic consumers and firms do, an export channel; or (ii) domestic consumers and firms change their demand for domestic factor services in response to the availability of foreign goods, an import channel. Building on this idea, we develop new measures of export and import exposure at the individual level and provide estimates of their incidence across the earnings distribution. The key input fed into our empirical analysis is a unique administrative data set from Ecuador that merges firm-to-firm transaction data, employer-employee matched data, owner-firm matched data, and firm-level customs transaction records. We find that export exposure is pro-middle class, import exposure is pro-rich, and in terms of overall incidence, the import channel is the dominant force. As a result, earnings inequality in Ecuador is higher than it would be in the absence of trade.