What does it mean to be locally adapted and who cares anyway?
What does it mean to be locally adapted and who cares anyway?
复制标题
适应当地情况意味着什么？谁在乎呢？
DOI：
10.2527/jas.2007-0468
复制
发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
F. Provenza
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
F. Provenza
化石燃料的供应可能在21世纪上半叶急剧下降，替代能源可能无法缓解巨大的赤字。这场看似的灾难将为社区创造机会，使其受益于当地生产的食物，从而培育土壤、水、植物、食草动物和人类之间的关系，以维持他们的集体福祉。农业将比目前更处于社区的核心地位，但出于必要，它将不再如此依赖化石燃料来驱动机械或生产肥料，除草剂和杀虫剂来种植和保护单作植物，抗生素和驱虫剂来维持食草动物的健康，或营养补充剂和药物来维持人类。相反，从土壤和植物到食草动物和人类，我们将不得不再次学习适应我们居住的景观意味着什么。在重新学习这些技能的过程中，植物作为营养中心和药房将变得更加重要，它们的大量主要（营养素）和次要（药物）化合物对营养和健康有用。在我们严重依赖化石燃料之前，我们还需要在易于护理的系统中生产牲畜，使季节性可用的饲料与生产需求相匹配，并使动物在解剖学上、生理学上和行为上与当地景观相匹配。这将意味着减少化石燃料的投入，以增加盈利能力，方法是：1）将动物需求与饲料资源相匹配; 2）选择在解剖学上、生理学上和行为上适应当地环境的动物; 3）淘汰那些在人类帮助下无法繁殖的动物; 4）建立放牧系统，提高土壤、植物、食草动物和人类的福祉。
The availability of fossil fuels will likely decline dramatically during the first half of the twenty-first century, and the massive deficits probably will not be alleviated by alternative sources of energy. This seeming catastrophe will create opportunities for communities to benefit from foods produced locally in ways that nurture relationships among soil, water, plants, herbivores, and people to sustain their collective well being. Agriculture will be much more at the heart of communities than it is currently, but by necessity, it will no longer be so dependent on fossil fuels to power machinery or to produce fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides to grow and protect plants in monocultures, antibiotics, and anthelmintics to maintain the health of herbivores, or nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals to sustain humans. Rather, from soils and plants to herbivores and people, we will have to learn once again what it means to be locally adapted to the landscapes we inhabit. In the process of relearning these skills, plants will become more important as nutrition centers and pharmacies, their vast arrays of primary (nutrients) and secondary (pharmaceuticals) compounds useful in nutrition and health. There also will be a need, as in times past before our heavy reliance on fossil fuels, to produce livestock in easy-care systems that match seasonally-available forages with production needs and that match animals anatomically, physiologically, and behaviorally to local landscapes. This will mean reducing inputs of fossil fuels to increase profitability by 1) matching animal needs to forage resources; 2) selecting for animals that are adapted anatomically, physiologically, and behaviorally to local environments; 3) culling animals unable to reproduce with minimal help from humans; and 4) creating grazing systems that enhance the well-being of soils, plants, herbivores, and people.