A model for raw material management as a response to local and global environmental constraints
A model for raw material management as a response to local and global environmental constraints
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应对当地和全球环境限制的原材料管理模型
DOI：
10.1016/j.quaint.2013.04.011
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
M. Benedetti
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Telmo Pereira;M. Benedetti
确定考古记录中明显变化的原因是考古学和人类学研究的主要目标之一。由于环境变化对生物资源的影响，环境变化经常被认为是人类学变化的主要驱动因素之一。人们对可获得的石英石原料的变化给予的关注要少得多。如果用于工具生产的原材料是恒定的、可预测的数量，那么在考古记录中预计技术策略的稳定或缓慢变化。然而，伊比利亚旧石器时代的情况并非如此，即使考虑到一些观察到的变化可能是由文化、环境或功能驱动的。在这篇文章中，我们研究了通过地球动力学过程的作用来改变原材料可获得性的可能性，这可能会对人类所采用的技术战略施加选择性压力。这种方法强调了环境因素不仅通过食物和栖息地，而且通过地质学对人类人口可能产生的影响。伊比利亚西南部的海洋气候是这种联系的良好候选者，因为该地区在晚更新世期间经历了冷干和暖湿之间的剧烈波动，对生物和地貌系统的影响得到了充分的记录。最后一次冰盛期的寒冷气候与岩屑组合向可靠技术策略的突然转变之间的关联，表明了环境条件与人类工具制造战略之间的联系。利用旧石器时代晚期技术在公元17年至23年之间的这一“可靠阶段”的气候条件，为伊比利亚旧石器时代的技术战略提出了两种气候驱动的情景：冷干阶段，原材料供应受到限制，有利于技术转向可靠性；温湿阶段，原材料供应更多，采用更灵活、以维护为基础的碎石技术。将这一推理应用于伊比利亚西南部的古环境替代记录，很可能是在旧石器时代中期末期和旧石器时代中后期-晚期前后发生了多次气候引起的原材料应力事件。目前，没有足够的数据来正确验证这一假设，但葡萄牙各地正在进行的调查有望实现这一目标。
Identifying the causes of visible changes in the archaeological record is one of the major goals of archaeological and anthropological research. Environmental shifts have been often suggested as one of the primary drivers of anthropological changes, due to their impact on biotic resources. Considerably less attention has been given to changes in the availability of lithic raw materials. If raw materials for tool production were available in constant, predictable amounts then stability or slow shifts of technological strategies would be expected in the archaeological record. However, this is not the case in the Iberian Paleolithic, even considering that some of the observed changes may be driven by culture, setting or function. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of changes in raw material availability through the action of geodynamic processes, which could have exerted selective pressures on the technological strategies employed by human populations. This approach highlights the possible impact of environmental factors on human populations not just through food and habitat, but also through geology.The maritime climates of southwestern Iberia are good candidates for such a connection because the region faced dramatic fluctuations between cold-dry and warm-wet periods during the Late Pleistocene, with well-documented impacts on biotic and geomorphic systems. A link between environmental conditions and human tool-making strategies is suggested by the correlation between cold climate during the last glacial maximum and an abrupt shift in lithic assemblages toward reliable technological strategies. Using the climatic conditions that define this “Reliable Phase” of Upper Paleolithic technology between 17 and 23 ka BP, two climate-driven scenarios are suggested for technological strategies in the Iberian Paleolithic: a cold-dry phase with restricted availability of raw materials favoring a technological shift towards reliability; and a warm-wet phase with greater raw material availability and a more flexible, maintenance-based lithic technology. Applying this reasoning to paleoenvironmental proxy records for southwestern Iberia, it is likely that numerous episodes of climate-induced raw material stress occurred towards the end of the Middle Paleolithic and around the time of the Middle–Upper Paleolithic transition. At present, insufficient data exist to properly test this hypothesis but ongoing investigations at sites throughout Portugal hold promise toward achieving this goal.
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Fletcher, William J.;Goni, Maria Fernanda Sanchez
通讯作者：
Goni, Maria Fernanda Sanchez